380 ZOOLOGY. 



the first and second maxillae ; the tongue or fleshy prolonga- 

 tion of the second maxillae (labium, see Fig. 359, g) being 

 very long and adapted for lapping up liquid food in the 

 bottom of flowers. 



The Hymenoptera are represented by the saw-flies, the 

 gall-flies, the ichneumon-flies and the ants, the sand-wasps, 

 mud-wasps (Fig. 368), paper-making wasps, and bees. 



The lowest family is the Uroceridce, or horn-tails (Fig. 

 360, larva of Tremex columla Linn.), whose fleshy white 



Fig. 359. Side view of the front part of the head of the Humble Bee. a, clypeus 

 covered with hairs : b, labrum ; c, the fleshy epipharynx partially concealed by the 

 base of the mandibles (c?); e, lacinia or blade of the maxillae, with their two-jointed 

 palpi (/) at the base ; .;, the labium to which is appended the ligula (ig) ; below are 

 the labial palpi ; A, the two basal joints ; k, compound eyes. 



larvae bore in^trees. The adults are large, with a long, saw- 

 like ovipositor. In the saw-flies (Tenthredinidce, Fig. 361, 

 the pear-slug, Selandria cerasi Peck) the larva strongly re- 

 sembles a caterpillar, having eight pairs of abdominal feet. 

 The gall-flies (Fig. 362, Cynips) are small Hymenoptera 

 which lay eggs in the leaves or stems of the oak, etc., which, 

 from the irritation set up by their presence, causes the de- 

 formation termed a gall. 



