466 ZOOLOGY. 



Labyrinthodonts such as RUacliitomus, the vertebrae are 

 ossified, but the centra consist of three pieces. In Cricotus 

 there are two kinds of bodies, centra and inter centra. The 

 ribs are rudimentary, except in the blind-worms (Ccecilid). 

 The skull is usually broad and flattened ; it differs from 

 that of fishes in having no bones representing the operculum, 

 suboperculum, interoperculum, or branchiostegal bones ; but 

 a membrane bone probably homologous with the preopercu- 

 lum is said to exist. The maxillary are usually and the prc- 

 maxillary bones always present, usually armed with teeth ; no 

 Batrachian possesses a complete basioccipital, supraocci- 



pital, basisphenoid, ali- 

 sphenoid, or presphe- 

 noid cartilage bone; 

 while "the frog's skull 

 is characterized by the 

 development of a very 

 singular cartilage bone, 

 called by Cuvier the ' os- 

 en ceinture,' or girdle- 

 bone. v (Huxley.) 



The embryonic carti- 

 lage persists in the low- 

 er jaw in adult Batra- 

 chians as in fishes, and 



Fig. 428.-Skeleton of a Frog, a, skull ; 6, bony parts ai'6 developed 



vertebrae; c, sacrum, and e, its continuation . > * . . 



(urostyle);/,suprascapula; <7,humerus; A, fore- m Connection With it 

 arm bones ; i, wrist bones (carpals and meta- . . .... 



carpals) ; d, ilium ; m, thigh (femur) ; n, leg which essentially COrre- 

 bone (ulna) ; o. elongated first pair of ankle- -, , . , r> -i 



bones (tarsais) ; p, y, foot bones or phalanges. Spond to those of lishes. 



(Gegenbaur.) 



The suspensorium is immovably joined to the skull, and 

 with it is connected the hyoidean arch. The branchial 

 arches in the tailed forms persist in varying numbers, i. e., 

 from two to four, but are dropped in the toads and frogs. The 

 skulls of certain Labyrinthodonts are roofed in by broad, 

 flat bones, so that they bear a strong resemblance to certain 

 Ganoids represented by the garpike, while Gegenbaur states 

 that there are many bony parts in the skull of the Batra- 

 chians which resemble those in the Dipnoan fishes. The ex- 



