604 ZOOLOGY. 



the horse in the Orient has five, and in the west (Africa) six 

 lumbar vertebrae ; in Arabia both forms occur ; in the horse 

 with but five lumbar vertebrae the shape of the skull is also 

 different. The Hemippus, the tarpau and muzir of Tartary, 

 as well as the white, shaggy horse of the elevated plains of 

 Pamir in central Asia which is often regarded as the original 

 stock, may be a race which has returned to a wild state, since 

 partly wild horses occur in Syria, on the Don, and live 

 in great herds on the llanos and pampas of South America. 

 There are two primitive races of horses, the Oriental and 

 Western. To the first belong three types : the Arabian, with 



the Berber, Andalusian, Neapolitan ; and in England the 

 blood horse ; the Nizaischan type of the Deccan, India, to 

 which belong the Persian, Turkestan, Turkish horses, and 

 the Tartarian. The western races comprise the Frieseland, 

 to which belong the Brabant, Holstein, Mecklenburg, and 

 the English farm-horse, and among others the Percheron 

 horse, of France. Ponies are dwarf horses produced in cool, 

 mountanous areas, such as the Shetland Islands. The wild 

 ass (Equus onager Brisson) ranges from the Indus to Meso- 

 potamia. Equus hemionus Pallas, the Dschiggetai or Kiang, 

 in herds in central Asia and Mongolia. The hinny and 



