FUTURE DESTINY OF THE RACE 85 



as large as those of modern Europeans. The shape of the 

 brain-case of Neanderthal man, however, indicates that the 

 same parts of the brain were not so highly developed as in 

 modern man; it seems as if the part of the brain devoted 

 to motor activity, i.e. the part which gave out the impulses 

 to the powerful limb-muscles, was more developed than the 

 part concerned with reflective thinking. Now the purpose of 

 society is to perform common actions for the general good ; and 

 the whole of human history since the glacial epoch has 

 consisted in the development of this co-operative spirit. 

 Necessary actions in the lower animals are secured by ap- 

 propriate instincts : thus a cat when attacking prey strikes 

 it with the fore-paw, whereas a dog seizes it with his jaws. 

 The upholding of the co-operative spirit in man is in 

 similar manner maintained by his moral instincts i.e. 

 his feeling that he ought to do certain things regardless 

 of consequences. The main things which morality ensures 

 are that man shall uphold his tribal brother and that he 

 shall be loyal to his leader. This latter quality is just 

 as important as the former; a tribe without loyalty to its 

 leader, like the army imagined by a modern dramatist, 

 "Where the soldier would be man enough to strike his 

 officer in the face" when he gave an order, would have 

 been speedily removed by natural selection. 



The struggle for existence, then, was not between individual 

 men as such, but between tribes, and this is where philosophers 

 like Nietsche who talk of the " superman " appear to us to go 

 so far astray. They picture the struggle for existence as a 

 struggle between individuals; they imagine mankind as pro- 

 gressing by the appearance of " supermen " of great size, 

 strength, intelligence, and ruthlessness, who will pursue their 

 own ends regardless of their weaker brethren. Such a view 

 is radically false. Mankind progresses by the appearance of 

 individuals in whom the instincts of co-operation and loyalty are 

 more strongly developed. Originally, no doubt, the tribes kept 

 each to their own hunting-grounds just as packs of wolves 

 do now, but as mankind wandered into new areas and got 

 broken up by different vicissitudes into races or incipient 

 species, then some of these races would multiply beyond the 

 resources of their food-supply and would invade the territory 



