TYPE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS 137 



In the hope of furnishing more exact guides to those 

 who single out animals for future feeding, or who purchase 

 them for the same, feeding standards will be submitted, 

 which are intended to show the leading essentials of form 

 which such animals should possess. This, however, will not 

 be necessary in the case of animals not kept primarily for 

 growing meat, as dairy cattle and horses. As these are 

 supposed to be maintained simply in that moderate condi- 

 tion of flesh most favorable to production of milk in the one 

 instance and of labor in the other, the necessity for two 

 classes of standards for these does not exist as in the case 

 of animals grown for the block. Type will now be con- 

 sidered in its relation to cattle, sheep, swine and horses 

 respectively. 



Type in its relation to cattle. Type with reference 

 to production, as already intimated, divides cattle into the 

 beef, dairy and dual purpose breeds. The recognized beef 

 breeds in America are, the Shorthorn, Hereford, Aberdeen 

 Angus and Galloway breeds. The vast majority of high 

 class animals suitable for the best productions of meat are 

 grades of these, which means that they are the progeny of 

 sires of one of these pure breeds, and of females of common 

 or mixed breeding. The dairy breeds are the Holstein, 

 Dutch Belted, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey, French Canadian 

 and Kerry. Likewise, the great majority of good dairy 

 cows in the country are grades of these, more especially of 

 the Holstein, Ayrshire, Guernsey and Jersey breeds. The 

 higher s the grade, both in the case of beef and dairy cattle, 

 that is, the greater the number of the successive generations 

 of straight breeding from sires of one breed, the more 

 valuable are the animals likely to be, up to a certain limit, 

 for the ends for which they are kept. The dual purpose 

 breeds are, the milking Shorthorn, the Brown Swiss, the 

 Red Poll and the Devon. The bulk of dual purpose an- 

 imals are not confined to the high grades of these breeds, 

 but as found at present are composed of various blood ele- 

 ments, in many instances, blended without much system. 



