TYPE IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS 143 



comes in milk until she is sent to the shambles. Even be- 

 fore lactation begins, the indications are virtually the 

 same, except that in the heifer not yet in milk, the inclina- 

 tion to paunchiness in barrel is not so pronounced, and the 

 milk veins are not so large, as they develop with age and 

 use, and the udder is not sufficiently developed to furnish 

 the opportunity for properly judging of the character of its 

 glandular development. The one standard, therefore, will 

 suffice for dairy cows, viewed from the standpoint of capac- 

 ity for production. The variations arising from breed pe- 

 culiarities may be found from the standards for the respec- 

 tive dairy breeds given in the "Study of Breeds." 



Indications of correct form and function in dairy cows. 



1. Size. Medium to large for the breed or grade. 



2. General outline. What is known as the triple 

 wedge-shaped formation, which means, 



(a), Increasing width from the withers downward, 

 (b), Increasing width toward the rear parts, 

 (c), Some increase in distance between the top and 

 bottom lines as they go backward. 



3. Head. Medium to fine, clean cut, and relatively 

 .onger, lighter and more dished than in the beef breeds. 



(a), Forehead, broad and dishing, 



(b), Nose, fine, 



(c), Muzzle, medium to broad and moist, 



(d), Nostrils, large and open, 



(e), Cheeks, clean and spare, 



(f), Eyes, prominent and lively, 



(g), Poll, medium to wide, according to breed, 



(h), Horns, fine, 



(i), Ears, medium with ample secretions, thinner 



than in the beef breeds and somewhat livelier. 



4. Neck. Inclining to long and light, almost slim, 

 (a), It should be fine at the junction of the head 

 and should widen and deepen only gradually, 



