148 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



tinguished for abundant dairy production in the near gen- 

 erations thereof. It is also more important because of the 

 more numerous progeny which comes from the male. 



Type in dual purpose cattle. The essentials in 

 form and function in dual purpose cattle are virtually the 

 same in all the breeds and grades of this class. The chief 

 differences are such as relate to breed and grade peculiari- 

 ties. The differences pertaining to breed may be ascer- 

 tained by consulting the standards given in 'The Study 

 of Breeds." Those pertaining to grades of those breeds are 

 virtually the same, but may be less in degree. 



Indications of correct form and function in dual purpose 



cows. 



1. Size. Large in form and capacious in body, not 

 massive like the high type beef animal, neither coarse nor 

 unduly refined and possessed of what may be termed a 

 happy equilibrium in development. 



2. General outline. The form should be parallelo- 

 grammic rather than wedge-shaped, and nearly evenly de- 

 veloped in front and rear. 



3. Head. Only moderately large and inclining to 

 long, clean cut and free from throatiness. 



(a), Forehead, wide, 



(b), Nose, inclining to long and fine, 



(c), Muzzle, medium to strong and moist, 



(d), Nostrils, large and open, 



(e), Cheeks, lean, 



(f), Eyes, large, prominent and neither restless 



nor sleepy, 



(g), Poll, varying with the breed or grade, 



(h), Horns, inclining to fine when present, 



(i), Ears, of medium size, thickness and action, but 



varying with the breed or grade. 



4. Neck. Inclining to long and fine, but not slim, 

 (a), Not coarse at the junction with the head. 



