I5O FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



(f), Tail, inclining to fine and long, smoothly set 

 on and hanging at right angles with the body. 



9. Udder. Capacious, evenly quartered, coming well 

 forward and backward and not too high or too low. 



(a), When empty it should be pliant, not fleshy, and 

 with much loose skin hanging in folds at the rear, 

 (b), The teats should be of good size and pointing 

 slightly outward. 



10. Milk veins. Large, long, tortuous, all the better if 

 branched, and they should enter the body through large 

 orifices or milk wells. 



11. Legs. Medium in length and bone, straight and 

 widely placed. 



12. Skin. Medium, inclining to fine, easily movable 

 particularly on the ribs, and plentifully covered with soft 

 hair devoid of coarseness or harshness. 



13. General appearance. The large, refined and fairly 

 smooth form of the dual purpose animal carries with it 

 evidences of producing capacity. 



(a), In movement, it is neither sprightly nor slug- 

 gish, but easy, 



(b), When in milk, it is not high fleshed, but puts 

 on flesh quickly when dry. 



Given in summary the more important indications in 

 dual purpose cows and important, perhaps in the order 

 named, are the following: 



(i) Medium to large size for the breed or grade; (2) 

 good length and depth in the barrel; (3) good development 

 of udder and milk veins ; (4) good constitution as indicated 

 by good width through the heart ; (5) head and neck inclin- 

 ing to long and fine and (6) ribs of medium spring, deep, 

 open-spaced and covered with a good handling skin. 



The points of contrast between dual purpose cattle, 

 dairy and beef cattle respectively are given in "The Study 

 of Breeds," page 21. What has been said with reference 

 to the points of contrast between the male and female in 

 dairy cattle (see p. 146) will apply also to the dual purpose 



