266 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



Prominent among these are cottonseed meal, oil meal and 

 wheat bran, rich in the order named. As but a small por- 

 tion of these elements are appropriated by the animals to 

 which they are fed, when the voidings are carefully saved 

 and promptly applied, they furnish fertilizer of much value. 

 So important is the value of this residue, that it should 

 never be lost sight of in determining the foods that shall be 

 fed. The wholesale exportation of these food products, 

 therefore, from this country, is to be deplored. It means 

 that these resources of production are fast being sent away 

 to other lands. 



Wheat by-products. Wheat furnishes by-products of 

 great value in feeding live stock. The chief of these are 

 bran, shorts and middlings, but in some instances a low 

 grade of flour is also fed. It would also seem correct to 

 speak of frosted wheat, much shrunken wheat and screen- 

 ings, as by-products. Bran consists of the three outer mem- 

 branous coats of the kernel and also the rich protein layer 

 just underneath them. Shorts is simply reground bran. 

 Middlings contain the finer bran particles and more flour 

 than shorts. The distinction between these is not clearly 

 drawn in all instances either in the composition of the two 

 products or in the more or less interchangeable way of re- 

 ferring to them. The low grade of flour fed is commonly 

 referred to as "red dog" and in some instances as "dark 

 feeding flour." Frozen or frosted wheat is wheat that has 

 been injured by frost before maturity. It may be perfectly 

 pure but lacks in plumfpness and hardness, according to the 

 stage of the growth at which it was frozen. Shrunken 

 wheat is that which is small and shrivelled, though hard in 

 the berry, owing to some injury sustained by the stalk and 

 leaves, before the completion of the ripening of the grain, 

 as when stricken by the black rust. Such grain may make 

 good flour though low in quantity, hence it is heavily dis- 

 counted by buyers. Screenings consist of small and light or 

 broken kernels and the seeds of weeds that may have 

 ripened in the grain, also in some instances minute pieces 



