282 FEEDING FARM ANIMALS 



food substances found in the grain as it comes to the fac- 

 tories. Such food in the unground form is excellent for 

 feeding sheep and in the ground form for feeding cattle and 

 sheep. 



Buckwheat. The principal by-product of buckwheat 

 is the hulls. They are of low feeding value, so low as to be 

 of questionable utility for ordinary "feeding. Unscrupulous 

 dealers sometimes use them in a finely ground form for 

 adulterating mill feed. When used thus in considerable 

 quantities, they give a brownish or dark tint to the food. 



Rice. The chief by-products of rice are known as rice 

 hulls, rice grain, rice polish and rice meal. Rice hulls are 

 very woody and are possessed of but little feeding value 

 when used alone, but they may serve a useful purpose by 

 mixing them with certain kinds of meal to increase their 

 porosity. Rice grain is composed of the outer portions of 

 the kernel and a part of the germ. As a food for cows and 

 pigs it is possessed of considerable value. Rice polish, 

 which is a dust-like powder, is rich in the elements of nutri- 

 tion, and has proved valuable in feeding cows and pigs. 

 Rice meal is said to be excellent for milk production, and 

 for such a use may be freely fed with safety. 



Cotton seed by-products. Cotton seed as it comes 

 from the gin consists of hull, kernel and fibre. The hull is 

 the hard, tough, leathery covering. The kernel is the soft 

 part of the seed within, of a yellowish color and of oily con- 

 sistency. The lint, more commonly kjnown as "linters," 

 consists of short fibres not removed by the gin. The by- 

 products of cotton seed are meal, hulls, oil and lint. Ac- 

 cording to the tenth census of the United States, 35 per 

 cent of the seed consists of meal, 48.9 per cent of hull, 12.5 

 per cent of oil and i.i per cent of lint. Other authorities 

 give the percentage of oil as being somewhat greater. The 

 meal and hulls only of these by-products are used for feed- 

 ing live stock. Until within a comparatively recent period 

 the hulls were used as fuel by the oil mills. 



