CARE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 487 



times exerted on milk flavor. For nearly all kinds of do- 

 mestic animals, water of swift current running through a 

 yard will meet their needs, and at a minimum expenditure 

 of labor. But sheep cannot always be induced to drink 

 from such a source. In large lots they are best supplied with 

 water in a low tank and where it will not congeal. Where 

 it does, the tank should be in a yard and supplied with a 

 heater. In small lots, the water is best supplied in a shallow 

 tub in each compartment, from pails or hose, and these can 

 be overturned in cold weather after the sheep have been 

 supplied. It is simply cruel to deprive sheep of water in 

 winter, except in so far as they can take it from the snow, 

 although the practice is common. , Water is usually supplied 

 to swine not on pasture, in conjunction with the food. 



The frequency with which water should be furnished 

 to animals is dependent upon such conditions as : ( I ) The 

 nature of the food fed; (2) the amount of performance 

 required as to labor or the production of meat or milk, and 

 (3) the temperature of the weather. 



The food may be given so succulent as to entirely ob- 

 viate the necessity for giving water in addition, as when 

 sheep are grazed on succulent pastures. When animals 

 are fattened on field roots and meal only, with a very 

 small addition of fodder, they require but little additional 

 water. It would probably be correct to say, however, that 

 no class of domestic animals except sheep can be kept long 

 on pastures so succulent as to entirely eliminate the necessity 

 for giving additional water. 



When labor or road driving is required of horses, they 

 should be given water more frequently than when at rest. 

 There are conditions when water supplied once a day for 

 horses is ample when at rest and the same is true of other 

 classes of domestic animals, but when exercised severely, 

 especially in warm weather, a moderate amount furnished 

 between meals in addition to what is furnished at other 

 times is helpful. Ordinarily work horses are given water 

 three times daily, that is, morning, noon and evening. Once 



