CARE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 489 



necessary with swine, cattle, sheep and horses, in the order 

 named. It is more necessary for cows (see p. 438) than 

 for growing cattle beyond calf-hood, and more necessary 

 for growing cattle than for cattle that are being fattened. 

 In fact it is more necessary for all classes of growing 

 animals than for those of the same class that are being 

 fattened, as the food which produces fat generates much 

 heat, and the layer of fat underneath the skin is an ad- 

 ditional protection. Climate also exercises an important, 

 influence. Stock exposed in latitudes where the air is dry 

 and where the sunshine is relatively abundant, will suffer 

 much less than animals exposed at equal temperatures 

 where the air is damp and the weather dark and gloomy. 



Shelter for swine must be of a character to protect 

 them from draughts and also from low temperatures. The 

 temperature of the pens like that of the stables for dairy 

 cows should range from, say 40 to 60. Trials conducted at 

 certain experiment stations show very clearly the benefit 

 from fattening swine with suitable shelter as against fatten- 

 ing under conditions the opposite. In a trial conducted at the 

 Kansas experiment station, it was found that swine fur- 

 nished with shelter during the 10 weeks of fattening, made 

 100 pounds of increase on 25 per cent less corn than those 

 exposed to yard conditions. The feeding began No- 

 vember 27. 



The following includes some of the essentials best suited 

 to furnishing shelter for stock cattle : ( I ) A suitably ven- 

 tilated shed or dry and well lighted basement, warm enough 

 to practically exclude freezing temperatures; (2) doors on 

 the sunny side facing a yard protected from wind, and that 

 may or may not be left open; (3) a well bedded yard that 

 may at all times be kept dry. But even with these condi- 

 tions it may be necessary to tie some of the weaker animals 

 in stalls to adapt the food to their special needs. Succes- 

 sive experiments conducted with yearlings at the Missouri 

 station resulted markedly in favor of such protection as 

 against yard conditions, with open shed. With cattle that 



