CARE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS 495 



the temperature should be the same as for cows, and for 

 young animals that are older about the same as for cattle 

 that are being fattened. For sheep unshorn, the nearer 

 the temperature is to the freezing point but without freez- 

 ing, the better. The aim should be to have the same range 

 between 32 and 50, the latter being sufficiently warm for 

 even newly born lambs and also for sheep that are newly 

 shorn. For swine the temperature should be about the 

 same as for dairy cows, 60 being sufficiently warm for 

 newly born swine. 



Of course, in practice, it is not possible to keep tem- 

 peratures within the ranges named either in winter or sum- 

 mer, but much may be done to approximate them to the 

 figures submitted, which are only given as general and 

 not as absolute guides. The temperature in stables may rise 

 higher than those named and no harm come to the animals, 

 but they should not fall in any instances below the freezing 

 point, where this can be avoided, except probably in the 

 case of unshorn sheep which will take no harm though 

 the temperatures should be lower. The lower the tempera- 

 tures can be kept without harm to the animals, the better, 

 because of the relatively greater abundance of the oxygen 

 supply. 



To secure proper temperatures in winter in the absence 

 of artificial heat, is no easy matter, and to provide artificial 

 heat is not practical. Warmth must be secured through 

 proper construction in the buildings, and not through 

 air heated by the breathing of the animals in the absence of 

 suitable ventilation. The temperature will then be. regulated 

 through ventilation, but the construction of buildings and 

 ventilation cannot be discussed in this work It may be said, 

 however, that good ventilation in buildings is absolutely 

 essential to highest performance in animals that are housed. 



To secure suitable temperature in summer is more 

 difficult than in winter. At certain times it may be im- 

 possible because of atmospheric conditions without. But 

 much may be done to regulate temperatures by keeping 



