Biology of H. dnnaharma var. punctata 519 



In the folloAving pages an account is given of all that is known 

 regarding the biology of six species : 



1. H. cinnaharina var. punctata 



2. //. cinnaharina 



3. H. leporis-palustris 



4. //. leachi 



5. H. concinna . 



6. H. inermis 



PAGE 



519 

 528 

 530 

 536 

 542 

 545 



of which numbers 1 and 4 have been proved to be the carriers of 

 pathogenic Protozoa. 



Haemaphysalis cinnabarina var. punctata^ 



The only authors who have occupied themselves with the biology of 

 this species are the writer (1908) and Stockman (1911, pp. 23-32); 

 a detailed study of the external anatomy has been published by Nuttall, 

 Cooper and Robinson (1908). The hosts upon which the tick is found are 

 given on pp. 508, 509. The species was first raised b}' me on hedgehogs, 

 this animal having been found to serve as a host in nature. The rabbit 

 and sheep were also used as hosts. The tick occurs most commonly 

 on sheep, and between 1902 and 1905 we received large numbers from 

 Kent, especially from the districts surrounding Lydd and Canterbury. 

 We have also received specimens found on goats and ferrets, but we 

 have no record of its occurrence on cattle in England. It is interesting 

 therefore that McFadyean and Stockman were able to transmit British 

 redwater, due to Piroplasma divergens, to cattle by means of this tick, 

 although it can but play an unimportant part in transmitting the 

 disease in Europe, Ixodes ricinus being certainly the chief vector. 



Stockman raised H. cinnaharina var. punctata upon the scrotum 

 and ears, using cattle and sheep as hosts, the usual method of placing 

 bags about the scrotum and ears being employed to recover the ticks as 

 they dropped from the host. None of Stockman's ticks were incubated 

 during metamorphosis; they were maintained in corked bottles and 

 glass dishes in an unheated outhouse, moulds being avoided by keeping 

 the ticks somewhat drier than under natural conditions. The results of 

 his raising experiments are fully referred to and incorporated in the 

 following pages, the author's name being given in all cases where he is 



' Reprinted (with slight modifications and certain additions duly indicated) from 

 Nuttall, IV. 1913, pp. 99-105. 



