FOR AMERICAN VINES. 21 



practical. The Perpignan show enabled us to appreciate the 

 progress accomplished in this direction ; and, even if some 

 modifications of detail yet remain to be made, viticulturists 

 have already at their disposal new machines of great power 

 and of incontrovertible utility. 



There are two classes of trenching or subsoiling capstans : 

 1st, the horse-gin, for use by the medium grower ; 2nd, the 

 steam-winding drum, for properties possessing a portable 

 engine. The machines of the latter class may be used for 

 small properties, through contractors undertaking the work. 

 The trenching or subsoiling per acre with this contrivance 

 is generally less expensive than with Fowler's machines, 

 on account of the considerable difference in the prices of the 

 plants. 



HORSE-GINS OR WHIMS. 



Horse-gins are divided into: 1st, fixed gins; 2nd, 

 movable gins. While the former are established in a fixed 

 position of the field to be trenched or subsoiled, and are fixed 

 during the whole time of the duration of the work, the latter 

 are arranged on one side of the plot to be ploughed, and 

 are displaced in front of every furrow, travelling from one 

 extremity of the field to the other. In the first class may 

 be grouped the Beauquesne and Musquere systems ; in the 

 second, all other systems. 



BEAUQUESNE'S HORSE-GIN. 



Although the Beauquesne machine is not the first that was 

 used for deep cultivation, it is certainly the best known. 

 It was first used in 1887. Since that date it has been im- 

 proved in details, but as a whole has remained as it was when 

 first brought out, remarkable for its great simplicity and 

 rusticity. 



Description. The complete machine is composed of three 

 essential parts A capstan, cable, and fixed pulley. 



The capstan consists (Fig. 3) of a drum C, the 

 diameter of which may vary between 27J inches and 4ft. 

 3in., around which the cable is wound. This drum runs 

 loose on the vertical shaft, which is strongly fixed to a cast- 

 iron cross bolted on a wooden base frame, formed of two 

 beams 9ft. 9in. in length. A coupling clutch P, running loose 

 on the same shaft carries the pole B. The throwing-into- 

 gear lever L, allows the raising or lowering of the clutch P. 

 When raised it is independent of the drum C. When 



