FOR AMERICAN VINES. 45 



The wear and tear runs annually into 5 per cent, of 

 the capital. That is to say, a daily expense of Is. 7d. A 

 driver for the horses, two ploughmen one for the plough, 

 the other for the pulley a boy to drive the horse pulling the 

 plough back to the starting point such is the indispensable 

 staff. 



The daily expense incurred by this is : 



3 workmen, at 2s. 4-Jd. ... 7s. IJd. 



1 boy, at is. 2d. ... ... Is. 2d. 



3 horses, at 3s. 2d. ... 3s. 2d. 



Total ... ... 11s. 5|d. 



This lls. 5fd., added to 4s. 2d. to be written off, to Is. 7d. 

 for wear and tear, bring the daily expense to 17s. 2|d. As 

 the area ploughed is 40 poles, the ploughing of 1 acre 

 costs, roughly, 3 8s. lid. 



If the machine is worked less than 50 days in the year the 

 -cost per acre will be a little higher, for the sum to be written 

 off yearly will be divided over a smaller number of days ; if, 

 on the contrary, the machine is worked a greater number of 

 days, the price will be reduced. 



STEAM WINDING DRUMS. 



The same two classes may be established for steam drums. 

 Some are stationary, that is to say, installed at the begin- 

 ning of the work in a suitable place in the block till all the 

 ploughing capable of being done with a certain length of 

 cable is completed. Some are displacing, that is to say, 

 gradually travel along a headland as the work proceeds. 



In the first class we find the Beauquesne, Vernette, and Gru6 

 machines ; in the second, those of Guyot, Pelous, and Pecard. 



BEAUQUESNE'S STEAM WINDING DRUM. 



This was first placed on the market in 1887. It closely 

 resembles his horse-gin. 



Description. A winding drum T (Fig. 22) revolves round 

 a vertical shaft, carrying cogs on both its flanges, the upper 

 one being smaller in diameter. Each of these cog-wheels 

 gears with a pinion ; the two pinions run loose on their 

 shaft, but they may be alternately thrown into gear with a 

 lever L. On the top of this shaft a bevel cog-wheel is keyed, 

 gearing with a bevel pinion, fixed on a horizontal shaft 



