TRENCHING AND SUBSOILING. 69 



In England various ca 



Fig. 31. Fowler and Fry's machine. 



and Fry's capstan B and their mole-plough A, which are 

 not within the scope of the present study. The capstan 

 being anchored to plate G, and resting on a shoe P, two to 

 four horses are yoked to it. In 1855 Fowler used a 6 to 8 

 H.P. engine to work this capstan, and an official trial of 

 it was made on the 7th June, 1856, near the Trianon (Paris), 

 in presence of an international jury. 



Trenching and subsoiling with the aid of a steam-winding 

 drum was undertaken near Gand in 1877, with a view of 

 applying them to the stiff soils (polders of Zealand) 4 



After these few attempts, capstans seem to have been 

 forgotten, till the reconstitution of vineyards in the South of 

 France reintroduced the question of deep ploughing. At 

 first the ploughs were hauled by teams of often more than 

 ten horses, then hauling engines were used (Fowler), but 

 these were too costly to come info general use, and vine- 

 growers were on the look-out for a system to enable them 

 to economically trench or subsoil small areas. 



In 1876 Leonce Grue, of Beaulieu, near Sollies-Font 

 (Var), used a horse-gin worked by two horses, formed of a 

 winding drum, hauling the plough by means of a steel rope. 

 Bourguignon following his idea, constructed the Valessie 

 system in 1887. 



While the South of France was greatly preoccupied by 

 the reconstitution of their vineyards and the deep cultivation 



* Trans, of the Soc. Arts, 1829. Pearson's method of pipe draining. 



t Rapport general de Pussy, mr leu instruments agricoles a I 'exposition 

 wiiverselle de Londres, 1851. 



+ f)efoncements et som-solages a vapeur. G. Scribe ; Journal d' Agricul- 

 ture pratique, 1877, vol. 1. p. 829. 



Bourguignon constructed the first capstan of Gru. 



