144 THE ADVANTAGES OF 



The ridging bodies are attached without taking away the 

 tines, and both operations are done at the same time. 



This implement is well suited for the last operation in 

 autumn, as it effectually exposes the soil to the action of the 

 atmosphere. 



GRUBBER OR KNIFER. 



This instrument (Fig. 92) is also one of Fowler's, and is 

 extremely valuable on stiff clay land. By working it 2 feet 

 deep, the subsoil can be stirred and aerated without at all 



Fig. 92. Grubber or Knifer. 



interfering with the surface. The benefits which result from 

 this operation are of the utmost importance. By its use the 

 land is quite altered in its nature, and the advantage to the 

 crops has been of very marked description. The drainage is 

 also greatly assisted, and we wish to call the special atten- 

 tion of occupiers of clay land to this implement. It is made 

 with one, two, or three tines. 



It is also adapted for removing tree roots or stones, and 

 can be worked 3 feet deep. 



This is an excellent implement for stirring up the subsoil 

 of old grass land, and to all owners of clay land is a decided 

 advantage. 



TURNING HARROW. 



Fowler's Patent Turning Harrow for steam cultivation 

 is shown in Fig. 93. The difficulty occasioned by the ordinary 

 cultivator turning up more callous stuff than is desirable in 

 the spring of the year is entirely obviated by the use of this 

 implement, which, it will be seen, is a combination of cultivator 



