CH. VI] CAPITALIST OR ESTATE AGRICULTURE 183 



a million acres, but Java has also got almost entire command 

 of the cinchona trade, grows large quantities of good coffee, 

 pepper, tea, and many other things, and is now getting quite 

 a hold upon the new industry of rubber. 



The West Indies, more particularly the British islands, 

 suffered so much from the collapse of their slave-supported 

 industry in sugar, and their adherence to old fashioned methods 

 of preparation (as described under sugar in Part II), that they 

 were for a very long time considerably under a cloud, and only 

 of recent years is this beginning to lift, largely in consequence 

 of the successful work done by the Imperial Department of 

 Agriculture. Lately they have established a large and prosperous 

 industry in cotton, while in many of the islands cocoa or fruit 

 has largely taken the place of sugar, and other minor things are 

 also cultivated. 



India has large and prosperous industries in tea in Assam 

 and other parts, in coffee in southern India, and had until lately 

 a large indigo trade, but this is tending to disappear under the 

 competition of the artificial dye. 



The Federated Malay States had once a considerable in- 

 dustry in coffee, but this has gradually died out, and now the 

 country is mainly devoted to the growth of rubber, while in the 

 Straits Settlements pepper and other things are also cultivated, 

 and in both countries there is a large area under sugar and 

 coconuts. 



West Africa is now being opened up and rendered more 

 healthy, and already large industries in cacao and cotton are 

 established there. 



Turning now to the colonies of other nations, the Americans 

 are establishing considerable fruit industries in Porto Kico, and 

 hemp and other things in the Philippines ; Germany had a large 

 planting community, attending to fibres, rubber, etc., in East 

 Africa, to cacao and rubber in West Africa and Samoa ; France 

 has planters of tea and rubber in Indo-China, of cacao and 

 rubber in Africa; and even Italy is beginning to plant in 

 Erythraea. 



In the independent countries of the tropics, a considerable 

 amount of planting also goes on. The largest planting industry 



