glyphosate, Moshier and Penner (9) noticed injury to seedlings when the 

 decaying vegetation collapsed onto them. Both Moshier and Penner (9) 

 and Campbell (3) found negative effects of glyphosate on establishment 

 of sod-seeded alfalfa when application rate increased beyond 2.0 lbs/acre 

 and when treatment and seeding dates were in close proximity. They 

 felt that emerging alfalfa seedlings might be absorbing glyphosate 

 through contact with treated litter on the soil surface. However, 

 glyphosate applied at rates as high as 60 lbs/acre to the soil has not 

 been found toxic to plants (1) . 



Successful establishment of alfalfa is favored by a minimum of 

 competition from weeds or companion small grains during the late 

 spring and early summer, especially if moisture is limiting (11) . Taylor 

 et al. (19) found that minimum-tillage seedings in the spring were 

 more often successful than late-summer seedings, which were superior to 

 mid-summer seedings. 



