154 THE CORNELL READING-COURSES 



per cent of the income, ties and timbers only 4 per cent, and miscellaneous 

 materials 22.6 per cent. 



This forest has been controlled and managed by the city of Zurich 

 since 1309. One family, the Baumanns, were represented on the ranger 

 staff continuously from 1539 to 1843. At present there is one technical 

 man in charge, assisted by one clerk in the office and six rangers in the 

 woods. 



The first systematic working plan for the larger part of this city forest 

 was made in 1696, and the first modern working plan for the whole city 

 forest in 1834. This means that since 1696 only as much wood as grew 

 each year was cut; only interest on the capital was being utilized, not 

 the capital itself. The forest has netted the municipality an average 

 income of nearly $20,000 annually. The net income from all forest 

 products has averaged as high as $8 per acre each year. From the entire 

 city forest there can be obtained annually without diminution of the 

 supply, 1,916 cords from final cuttings and 880 cords from thinnings, 

 a total of 2,796 cords or a yield of about seven eighths (.866) of a 

 cord per acre of forest each year. 



CONCLUSION 



It is hoped that the counties, towns, and villages in the State of New 

 York will avail themselves of the opportunity now offered to acquire and 

 administer forest lands as a source of revenue and of future timber supply, 

 and as a protection from floods and other damage by the elements. It 

 is too much to expect immediately such incomes as those obtained 

 from communally-owned forests in Europe ; but even as a source of revenue 

 communal forests will be advantageous to communities in New York 

 State, while at the same time they are providing a source of enjoyment 

 and safety to the citizens. In the meantime the forest land will increase 

 in value as settlement progresses and the large timber holdings now in 

 private hands are cut over; for the National forests and the State forests 

 will always be confined largely to the higher mountains where the ques- 

 tion of watershed protection is paramount. The county, town, or village 

 forests will take their place between these mountain forests and the 

 privately owned forests, and, if properly managed, will form demon- 

 stration centers of effective forestry, standing as object-lessons to all who 

 now waste their woodlands. . 



NOTE. Figs. 1,2, and 3 are from photographs by Director James W. Tourney of the Yale Forest School; 

 Fig. 4 is from a photograph taken by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture; 

 Fig. 5 is from a photograph taken by Lincoln Crowell. 



