95 



by a meadow mouse. l>y keeping them clean, however, cutting 

 (he grass away and burning it over, the meadow mice are kept 

 down with the other enemies. 



The seventeen year locust is another enemy. There is a brood 

 of them every three of four years, it seems. In 1903, 1906 and 

 1910 thousands of them, millions, I suppose, came out. This 

 is one vieAv, which I took looking up, pointing the camera into 

 the tree. These are the empty skins of the chrysalides as they 

 came out of the ground into the tree, the cicadas having crawled 

 out, 



This view T shows a little wild indigo plant, on which there 

 were two hundred and fifty cicadas. The injury comes when 

 they deposit their eggs. 



The next view shows two branches recently stung by the 

 cicada. The eggs are deposited, making holes through which 

 fungi may enter. The wind blows then and breaks them off 

 at places, and the branches fall to the ground; but the cicada 

 has left holes and it is necessary to trim off the branches and 

 prune. This view shows a little tree that has been pruned. The 

 dead branches are below and of course there is not much left. 

 This interferes with the bearing of that tree. A tree trimmed in 

 1910, in 1911 had no bearing wood on it; a loss of the nuts, loss 

 of a year's crop, because of the cicada. However, if the limbs 

 are not broken, they begin to heal. 



You can see in this vieAv where the ovipositor punctured the 

 wood. This was stung in 1906 and the photograph was taken in 

 1910. They are slow in healing up, and form wounds through 

 which the spores of the fungi may enter. 



This view shows still further the process of healing. Some 

 of them heal up entirely and apparently suffer nothing from 

 the injury. 



This tree was stripped by the striped oak worm. There are 

 other enemies. Mr. Sober and I have been fighting enemies for 

 ten years. Nearly every one discouraged Mr. Sober. He stood 

 alone; but he is fighting them, and will continue to fight them. 

 In spite of the blight and in spite of everything, he expects to 

 see chestnut trees as long as he lives, and if we could come back 

 in two hundred years, I think we would find chestnut trees there. 



One of the enemies that is most serious is the burr worm. At 



