54 DOMESTIC ANIMALS, DAIRYING, ETC. 



present in food is not used in the sense that it serves for building 

 tissues for yielding energy, but it is necessary to carry the food in 

 the digestive process, to dilute the blood and for many other pur- 

 poses. The oxygen of the air is required by all living animals for 

 the burning or oxidation of the fuel constituents of the food. When 

 foods are burned in the body they give up the latent energy or heat 

 present in them. The amount of work performed by an animal, 

 as the horse, for convenience in measurement, may be resolved into 

 several factors: (1), the energy expended in chewing, swallowing, 

 digesting of food, beating of the heart, circulation of the blood, etc. ; 

 (2), the energy which is expended in moving the body, walking, 

 trotting, etc., which is usually spoken of as energy required for 

 progress; (3), the energy which is expended in carrying a rider, 

 as in the case of the saddle horse or drawing a load, which is ordi- 

 narily spoken of as labor or work. Work may be measured as 

 foot-tons or foot-pounds. A foot-pound is the amount of energy ex- 

 pended in raising one pound one foot, and a foot-ton is the amount 

 of energy expended in raising one ton one foot. A horse-power, as 

 the term is ordinarily used, expresses the power equivalent to 550 

 foot-pounds per second, or the power required to raise 33,000 foot 

 pounds per minute. Work may also be measured in terms of calories 

 or heat. One calorie corresponds very nearly to 1.54 foot-tons. 

 (Agr. Dep. F. B. 170.) 



EXPERIMENTS .CONDUCTED WITH HORSES. 



The tests made in horse feeding, which form the basis for this 

 bulletin, are as follows: (1) The determination of the digestibility 

 of timothy hay by horses. (2) The determination of the digestibil- 

 ity of whole oats by horses. (3) The determination of the digestibil- 

 ity of ground oats by horses. (4) The determination of the diges- 

 tibility of shelled corn by horses. (5) The determination of the di- 

 gestibility of corn meal by horses. (6) The determination of the di- 

 gestibility of the new corn product by horses. (7) Tests of the use 

 of the new corn product as a subtsitute for hay in horse feeding. 



SUMMARY OF PRINCIPAL RESULTS. 



ruminants. 

 Corn 



Feeding concentrated foods or grain with hay decreased the digesti- 

 bility of the hay. (5) It is impossible to maintain horses on a grain 

 ration alone; they must have a long forage. (6) Making a "mixed 

 feed" of the grain and long forage is the best manner of feeding 

 horses. (7) The new corn product was better digested by horses 

 than timothy hay. (8) Grinding fodder to the condition of the new 

 corn products or of coarse bran does not destroy its value as long 

 forage. (9) The new corn product was successfully used as a sub- 

 stitute for hay in horse feeding, (Md, E, S, Bui, 51.) 



