116 DOMESTIC ANIMALS, DAIRYING, ETC. 



double the thickness of the shoe. For a hoof of the regular form the 

 branches should project an amount equal to the thickness of the 

 shoe. In a stumpy hoof the shoe need not project more than one- 

 eighth of an inch. In all cases the shoe should cover the entire 

 bearing surface of the wall. 



Surfaces. The surface that is turned toward the hoof is known 

 as the upper, or hoof surface, of the shoe. That part of the hoof 

 surface which is in actual contact with the horn is called the bear- 

 ing surface of the shoe. The bearing surface should be perfectly 

 horizontal from side to side and wide enough to support the full 

 thickness of the wall, the white line, and about an eighth of an inch 

 of the margin of the sole. The bearing surface should also be per- 

 fectly flat, except that it may be turned up at the toe (rolling-mo- 

 tion shoe). The surface between the bearing surface and the inner 

 edge of the shoe is often beaten down or concaved to prevent pressure 

 too far inward upon the sole. This concaving, or seating, should be 

 deeper or shallower as the horny sole is less or more concave. As a 

 rule strongly cupped soles require no concaving (hind hoofs, nar- 

 row fore hoofs). 



Borders. The entire outer border should be beveled under the 

 foot. Such a shoe is not so readily loosened, nor is it so apt to lead 

 to interfering. 



Fullering. This is a groove in the ground surface of the shoe. 

 It should pass through two-thirds of the thickness of the shoe, be 

 clean, and of uniform width. It is of advantage in that it makes 

 the shoe lighter in proportion to its width, and, by making the 

 ground surface somewhat rough, tends to prevent slipping. 



Nail Holes. The shoe must be so punched that the nail holes 

 will fall directly on the white line. They should be confined to the 

 fore half of front shoes, but may occupy the anterior two-thirds of 

 hind shoes. For a medium-weight shoe three nail holes in each 

 branch are sufficient, but for heavier shoes, especially those provided 

 with long calks, eight holes are about right,. though three on the in- 

 side and four on the outside may do. 



Clips. These are half-circular ears drawn up from the outer 

 edge of the shoe either at the toe or opposite the side wall. The 

 height of a clip should equal the thickness of the shoe, though they 

 should be even higher on hind shoes and when a leather sole is inter- 

 posed between shoe and hoof. Clips secure the shoe against shifting. 

 A side clip should always be drawn up on that branch of the shoe 

 that first meets the ground in locomotion. 



A Shoe for a Regular Hoof. This fits when its outer border 

 follows the wall closely in the region of the nail holes and from the 

 last nail to the end of the branch gradually projects beyond the sur- 

 face of the wall to an eighth of an inch and extends back of the 

 buttresses an amount equal to the thickness of the shoe. The shoe 

 must be straight, firm, airtight, its nail holes directly over the white 

 line, and its branches far enough from the branches of the frog to 



