BREEDS OF BEEF CATTLE 323 



waste of hominy manufacture. These materials are sold together 

 under the name of hominy chops or feed. 



Distillers' Dried Grains. These are a by-product obtained in 

 the manufacture of alcohol or whisky from the cereals. Corn and 

 rye are most often used, sometimes singly, more often in combina- 

 tion. Sometimes certain proportions of oats, wheat, and barley are 

 also added. The grains are coarsely ground, mixed with water, a 

 malt solution added, and the whole kept at a uniform temperature 

 until most of the starch has changed to sugar. Yeast is then 

 added to convert the sugar to alcohol, which is distilled. The 

 residue from the distillation, or distilling slop, is filtered, dried, and 

 placed on the market as a concentrated food. The dried material, 

 on account, of the removal of a large part of the starch and sugar 

 of the grain by the above process, contains an increased percentage 

 of proteids, fat, and crude fiber. 



Corn and Cob Meal consist of the whole ear of corn ground or 

 crushed just as it is received from the field without the addition 

 either of cob or kernel. 



Corn Sweepings consist of small pieces of cob, butts of corn, 

 particles of husks, chaff and the imperfect and decayed kernels 

 which are not removed in the process of shelling. This material is 

 often used as an adulterant. 



Cob Meal consists of finely ground corn cobs which are largely 

 woody fiber. It contains but little crude fat and crude protein and 

 a large amount of crude fiber. It is often used as a filler, serving to 

 give bulk and roughness. It has little or no feeding value and is a 

 common adulterant of feeding stuffs. 



From Oats. Oat Clippings are the small hairs and dust sepa- 

 rated from the oats in the clipping machine. They bear much the 

 same relation to the oat kernel as scourings do to the wheat kernel 

 and contain considerably larger amounts of crude fat and crude pro- 

 tein than the hulls and considerably less fiber. They are often used 

 as a filler and also as an adulterant. 



Oat Hulls are a common adulterant of feeding stuffs and are 

 much used as a filler. They contain about the same amount of 

 crude fat, crude protein and crude fiber as cob meal, serve a similar 

 function in feeding stuffs and have little or no feeding value. 



From Flax Seed. Flaxseed Meal consists of the entire flaxseed 

 ground. Oil Cake is the unground residue from the extraction of 

 oil from ground flaxseed. Linseed Meal is the ground residue from 

 the extraction of oil from ground flaxseed. The extraction of the 

 oil is accomplished by two methods known as the old and new proc- 

 ess and the meals from the two processes are designated as old and 

 new process linseed meal. New Process Linseed Meal consists of the 

 residue from crushed flaxseed which has been heated and the oil 

 extracted by repeated leachings with light naphtha. After the ex- 

 traction is complete the naphtha is driven from the rasidue with 

 steam and the meal is entirely without naphtha odor. The extrac- 

 tion of the oil in the new process meal is much more complete, the 



