264 APPLE. 



The Romans had only twenty-two varieties in Pliny's 

 time. There are upwards of fifteen hundred now cultivated 

 in the garden of the Horticultural Society of London, under 

 name ; the catalogue of the Linnasan Botanic Garden at 

 Flushing, contains over four hundred ; and one of our 

 enterprising horticulturists, Mr. Wm. Coxe, of Burlington, 

 New Jersey, enumerated one hundred and thirtjMhree kinds 

 cultivated in the United States, some years ago. They are 

 usually divided into dessert, baking, and cider fruits ; the 

 first high-flavoured, the second such as fall or become mel- 

 low in baking or boiling, and the third austere, and 

 generally fruit of small size. Besides this division, Apples 

 are classed as pippins or seedlings, pearmains or somewhat 

 pear-shaped fruits, rennets or queen-specked fruits, calviles 

 or white skinned fruits, russets or brown fruits, codlings or 

 falling fruits, and some are denominated burknots. 



The Apple may be propagated by layers, and many sorts 

 by cuttings and budding, but the usual mode is by grafting 

 on seedling stocks of two or three years growth, and for 

 dwarfing, on stocks of the Quince or Paradise Apple. All 

 the principal varieties are cultivated as standards in the 

 orchard, and should be planted from thirty to forty feet from 

 each other, or from any other spreading trees, in order that 

 the sun and air may have their due influence in maturing the 

 fruit. 



Many of the dwarf kinds may bo introduced into the 

 Kitchen Garden, and trained as espaliers, or dwarf stan- 

 dards. An Apple Orchard may be planted at any time 

 after the trees are two years old from the graft ; and as trees 

 from young stocks will not come into full bearing until ten 

 or twelve years old, they will bear removing with care at 

 any time within that period. 



Old Apple trees may be grafted with superior varieties, by 

 being headed down to standard height : in very old subjects, 

 most commonly, the branches only are cut within afoot or 

 two of the trunk, and then grafted in the crown or cleft man- 

 ner. In all the varieties of the common Apple, the mode of 

 bearing is upon small terminal and lateral spurs, or short 

 robust shoots, from half an inch to two inches long, which 



