ANNULOSA I INSECTA. 



2 8 7 



thoracic legs, and ten pro-legs ; and the pupae are always 

 naked, attached by the posterior extremity, or head downwards, 

 and usually angular. 



In the Crepuscular Lepidoptera, including those forms which 

 are active during the twilight, the antennae are fusiform, or 

 grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex ; the wings 

 are horizontal or little inclined when the insect is at rest ; the 

 posterior wings have their front margins furnished with a rigid 

 spine (" retinaculum ") which is received into a hook on the 

 under surface of the anterior wings ; and the pupae are never 

 angular. 



The Nocturnal Lepidoptera have the antennae setaceous, or 

 diminishing gradually from the base to the apex, often serrated 

 or pectinated (fig. 115) ; the wings in repose are horizontal or 

 deflexed, and the hind- wings are furnished with a "retinaculum,'' 

 as in the preceding section ; the pupae are mostly smooth, 

 sometimes spiny, and often enclosed in a cocoon. 



ORDER X. HYMENOPTERA. Wings four, membranous, with 

 few nervures ; sometimes absent. Mouth always provided 



Fig. 116. Gooseberry Saw-fly (Tentftredo grossularue), larva, pupa, and imago. 



with biting-jaws, or mandibles ; the maxillae and labium often 

 converted into a suctorial organ. Females having the ex- 



