592 MANUAL OF ZOOLOGV. 



many respects similar to the true Camels. They are distin- 

 guished, however, by having no hump upon the back, and by 

 the fact that the two toes are not conjoined and supported by 

 a callous pad, as in the Camels, but are separate, with separate 

 pads, and with strong curved nails. The neck is long and 

 the head comparatively small, whilst the upper lip is mobile 

 and deeply cleft vertically. The Llamas are chiefly found in 

 Peru and Chili, and considerable doubt exists as to the num- 

 ber of species. They live in flocks in mountainous regions, 

 and are much smaller than the Camels in size. The true 

 Llama is kept as a domesticated animal, and used as a beast 

 of burden. The Alpaca is still smaller than the Llama, and 

 is not very unlike a sheep, having a long woolly coat. It is 

 partially domesticated, and the wool is largely imported into 

 Europe. 



b. Moschida. The second group is that of the Musk-deer, 

 characterised by the total absence of horns in both sexes, and 

 by the presence of canines in both jaws, those in the upper 

 jaw being in the form of tusks in the males, but being much 

 smaller in the females. 



The true Musk-deer (Moschus moschiferus] is an elegant 

 little animal, which inhabits the elevated plains of central 

 Asia. It is remarkable for the fact that the male has a 

 glandular sac on the abdomen, by which the well-known 

 perfume, musk ; is secreted. The musk-gland is wanting in 

 the Napu ( Moschus Javanicus) of Java, and also in the little 

 Kanchil (Tragulus pygmceus), which is the smallest of living 

 Ruminants. 



c. Cervidce. This family is of much greater importance than 

 that of the Moschida^ including as it does all the true Deer. 

 They are distinguished from the other Ruminants chiefly by 

 the nature of the horns. With the single exception of the 

 Reindeer, these appendages are confined to the males amongst 

 the Cervida, and do not occur in the females. They do not 

 consist, as in the succeeding group, of a hollow sheath of horn 

 surrounding a central bony core, nor are they permanently 

 retained by the animal. On the other hand, the horns or, as 

 they are more properly called, the antlers of the Cervida are 

 deciduous, arid are solid. They are bony throughout, and are 

 usually more or less branched (fig. 254), and they are annually 

 shed and annually reproduced at the breeding season. They 

 increase in size and in the number of branches every time they 

 are reproduced, until in the old males they may attain an enor- 

 mous size. The first time they are produced, the horns are 

 in the, form of simple cylindrical shafts; the second year's 



