PROBOSCIDEA. 6OI 



incisors, and both are tusk-like. The nose is prolonged into a 

 cylindrical trunk, movable in every direction, highly sensitive, 

 and terminating in a finger-like prehensile lobe (fig. 256). The 

 nostrils are placed at the extremity of the proboscis. The feet 

 are furnished with five toes each, but these are only partially 

 indicated externally by the divisions of the hoof. The feet are 

 furnished with a thick pad of integument, forming the palms 

 of the hand and the soles of the feet. There are no clavicles. 

 The testes are abdominal throughout life. There are two teats, 

 and these are placed upon the chest. The placenta is de- 

 ciduate and zonary. 



The recent Elephants are exclusively confined to the tropical 

 regions of the Old World, in the forests of which they live 

 in herds. Only two living species are known the Asiatic 

 Elephant (Elephas Indtcus) and the African Elephant (. 

 Africanus}. There can be no doubt, however, but that the 

 Mammoth (Elephas primigenius) existed in Europe within the 

 human period. 



In both the living Elephants the " tusks " are formed by an 

 enormous development of the two upper incisors. The milk- 

 tusks are shed early, and never attain any very great size. The 

 permanent tusks grow throughout the life of the animal, and 

 often reach six or seven feet in length, and from fifty to seventy 

 pounds in weight. In the Indian Elephant, and its variety 

 the Ceylon Elephant, the males alone have well-developed 

 tusks, but both sexes have tusks in the African species, those 

 of the males being the largest. The lower incisors are absent, 

 and there are no other teeth in the jaws except the large molars, 

 which are one or two in number on each side of each jaw. The 

 molar teeth are of very large size, and are composed of a 

 number of transverse plates of enamel united together by 

 dentine. In the Indian Elephant the transverse ridges of 

 enamel are narrow and undulating, whilst in the African 

 Elephant they enclose lozenge-shaped intervals. The Indian 

 Elephant is the only species which is now caught and domes- 

 ticated, and as it will not breed in captivity, the demand for 

 it is supplied entirely by the capture of adult wild individuals, 

 which are taken chiefly by the assistance of those which have 

 been already tamed. The Indian Elephant is distinguished 

 by its concave forehead, its small ears, and the characters of 

 the. molars. Its skull is pyramidal, and it has five hoofs on the 

 fore-feet, and only four on the hind-feet. Its colour is gene- 

 rally pale brown. (The so-called "White Elephants" are 

 merely albinos.) The African Elephant, on the other hand, 

 has a strongly convex forehead and great flapping ears. Its 



