THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 31 



duction is from seed or sprouts; for each of the prin- 

 oipal species give the approximate age, size, amount, 

 condition and occurrence of the reproduction (by 

 occurrence is meant in groups or singly, on raised 

 ground or in depressions, on decaying logs, etc.); 

 mention which species are most productive. 

 12. Stand (all growing trees in a forest or in part of a forest). 



a. Forest t>pes, the topographic location of each, and the 



approximate proportion of the total area occupied 

 by each. (A forest type is a forest or a part of a 

 forest possessing distinctive characteristics of composi- 

 tion or habit of growth.) 



b. Composition: leading species, associated species, nature 



of mixture (singly or in groups); give approximate 

 percentages of the leading species. 



c. Origin: seedling, sprouts. 



d. Density of crown cover (density of the crowns of the trees 



in a forest) ; it is usually measured by the extent to 

 which the ground is shaded; express in decimals. 



e. Age: calculated from stumps or by judgment; approx- 



imate range of average ages, or age classes. Age 



class I, one to twenty years; II, twenty-one to forty 



years, etc. 

 /. Diameter and height development: (I) general range of 



the breast-high diameters and of the heights of the 



larger trees, e.g., 8 to 14 inches, 70 to 90 feet. (II) 



Are the various tree or size classes well represented? 



The tree classes are: 

 Seedling — a tree grown from seed not yet 3 feet high. 

 Shoot — a tree not yet 3 feet high grown from a sprout 



(sprout = a tree which has grown from a stump or 



root). 

 Small sapling — tree from 3 to 10 feet high. 

 Large sapling — a tree 10 feet or over in height and less 



than 4 inches d.b.h. 

 Small pole — a tree from 4 to 8 inches d.b.h. 



