128 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 



3. Clearcutting and Seed-tree Methods. — These invariably 

 lead to even-aged stands. Regulation can be by area with a 

 volume check or by volume and area. The distribution of age- 

 classes is very important. 



„ total area , , , 



For area use . X volume per acre. 



rotation 



For volume use Heyer's formula (No. 9) or even Von Man- 

 tel's method (No. 2). 



For volume and area use Hufnagl's method based on age 

 classes and the mean annual increment (No. 15) or Chapman's 

 " American method " (No. 18) or, where conditions are suf- 

 ficiently intensive, Judeich's Stand method (No. 16).. 



4. Coppice. — Use area or area and volume. 

 For area use method No. i. 



For area and volume use Hufnagl's direct method (No. 14). 



5. Coppice with Standards. — Coppice regulated as above. 

 Standards regulated similarly except that the rotation of the 

 standards is a multiple of the coppice rotation. 



In all cases, if possible, the cut should be determined by more 

 ilian one method in order to be sure of the results. The cut 

 adopted should be a conservative average oj the results by dijfferent 

 methods. *^ 



In using area of high forest as a means of determining the 

 cut it may either be the area unreduced, reduced, or based on 

 average age; according as the data warrant. (See method i, 

 variations I, II and III.) 



* For example, in the accompanying diagram, the cut, figured by eighteen 

 methods, averages 4,914.66 board feet. The cut for the next ten years would, 

 therefore, be taken as not to exceed 50,000 M. feet board measure. 



