THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 213 



communal forests 77 per cent have a rotation of twenty to thirty 

 years, 20 per cent a rotation of over thirty years.* The stand- 

 ards are arranged by age classes and distributed equally on the 

 area. These standards are either two, three, or four times the 

 rotation age (baliveaux de I'age, modernes, and anciens, respect- 

 ively). The cut of standards is determined by the number 

 of stems of each class and is usually accomplished with the utmost 

 regularity. 



SECTION THREE 



AUSTRIA 



Austria, exclusive of Hungary,! contains 74,101,976 acres, 

 of which 24,125,888 acres or 32.6 per cent are forested. { This 

 puts Austria fourth in the rank of timbered countries of Europe, 

 preceded only by Sweden with 49 per cent forest area, Fin- 

 land with 46 per cent, and Russia with 39 per cent. The 

 ownership of Austrian forests, which has profoundly influ- 

 enced the development of forestry there, is as follows: State 

 forests II per cent of the total area, communal forests 14 

 per cent, church forests 17 per cent, private forests 59 per 

 cent. § 



Austria can be conveniently divided into five great dis- 

 tricts; these, with their percentage of forested area and the 

 per cent of timber tracts over 2500 acres in size, are as 

 follows : 



* For simple coppice 56 per cent of the State forests and 76 per cent of the 

 communal forests have a rotation age of twenty to thirty years. 



t The differences of race and language have resulted in all but the political 

 separation of the two countries. 



X In Hungary it is 27.8 per cent, in Germany 25.88 per cent, in France 18.17 

 per cent. 



§ Data from " Die Holzproduktion Oesterreichs. K. K. Ackerbauministerium, 

 1907. See also " A Glimpse of .\ustrian Forestry," by Theodore S. Woolsey, 

 Jr., Proc. Soc. Am. Fsters., Vol. IX, No. i, pp. 7 to 37. 



