THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 231 



III. Grazing 

 x^ange Management: 



Types. (Concise descriptions of each.) 



Names of important and characteristic forage plants. 

 Accurate data on seasons of growth. 

 Accurate data on forage value. 

 Acreage. With forage. Waste. (Tabulated.) 

 Carrying capacity. Present. Possible. Brief descriptions. By allotments 



or divisions. (Tabulated.) 

 Demand and other local conditions in the live-stock industry which affect 



grazing on the forest. Relation to silviculture. 

 Allotments. 



Arrangement. (Division of the range between cattle and sheep, grazing 

 districts, and individual allotments to be shown on map. Guiding 

 principles, or necessary comment in the discussion.) To secure 

 Best division between cattle and sheep. 

 Full and equal utilization. 



Best division of types and early and late ranges. 

 Best division of watering places. 

 Proper silvicultural and watershed protection. 

 Number and kind of stock grazed. By allotments or divisions. Num- 

 ber of permits by classes. 

 Seasons. (To secure full utilization of the forage without seriously in- 

 terfering with the natural requirements of plant growth, each 

 portion of the range should occasionally, every few years, be grazed 

 only during the last half of the natural growing period in order to 

 keep the plant constitutions strong and allow some actual reseeding. 

 So far as is consistent with this principle, the green tender feed should 

 be available for the stock during as much of the season as is prac- 

 ticable. This is essential, especially for sheep. This plan may be 

 considered a variation of seasons or a division of allotment.) 

 Fees. By classes of stock and season. (Tabulated.) 

 Methods of handling stock. 



Cattle. (Salting and necessary riding by permittees to secure equal 

 utilization of range and prevent congregation along streams and 

 water holes, with resulting destruction of plant growth and poor 

 development of stock.) 

 Sheep. 



Size of bands. 



Herding. (Develop open quiet herding and avoid driving back to 



camp.) 

 Salting. (Encourage abundant use of salt, it means easier herding, 

 less danger from poison and disease, and less damage to the 

 range.) 

 Other stock. (When special provisions are required.) 

 Fcnge improvements: 



(Permanent improvements in the improvement section.) 

 Reseeding either with cultivated plants or by restricting grazing for 

 natural reseeding, posting poisonous areas, changes or improvement 

 in stock driveways, extermination of predatory animals, prevention 

 of erosion by proper handling of stock. 

 Policy and administration. 



General principles of policy not already covered. Protective and 



maximum limits, new owners, advisory boards, etc. 

 Administration. Extermination of predatory animals, counting 

 stock, or other special phases of the work. Special force re- 

 quired. Costs. (Summary for use in obtaining total of forest 

 expenditures in Section VII.) 



