242 THE THEORY AND PRACTICE OF WORKING PLANS 



(i) Determination of characteristic ecological types or 

 groups of forage plants, each of which includes certain combina- 

 tions of grasses, weeds, and browse. The t}pes should be 

 mapped on a base map of the forest. Groups containing poison- 

 ous plants may demand particular attention. 



(2) Concise descriptions of each group or t}'pe including 

 notes on individual species, the seasons when the plants may 

 be used, the relative grazing value of the t}'pes, and the class 

 of stock for which they are best suited. 



(3) A record in tabulated form of the kind and amount 

 of stock at present grazed on the land, with an estimate of its 

 present grazing capacity, and if overgrazed or poorly stocked 

 with forage plants the capacity to which it may be brought by 

 proper treatment. 



2 . Range improvements : Map record of present and needed 

 watering facilities, including wells, streams, springs, natural 

 and artificial ponds and tanks, drift fences, and other improve- 

 ments necessary for the best use of the range. (To be incor- 

 porated in the permanent improvement plan.) 



3. The plan of management should include, with necessary 

 maps, notes, and explanatory data, provision for: 



(i) The control and eradication of poisonous plants. 



(2) Improvement of overgrazed or poorly stocked areas, 

 including reseeding, the use of a rotation scheme of excluding 

 stock from areas for a part of the j'ear to allow seeding of native 

 plants, etc. 



(3) Fuller use of the range by the class of stock for which 

 it is best suited, including areas not now used. 



(4) Exclusion or reduction of stock or the change of grazing 

 seasons when necessary for silvical reasons or the protection of 

 watersheds for irrigation or municipal water-supply. Reduc- 

 tion to prevent overgrazing, or erosion caused by grazing. 



(5) The better handling of stock, including salting, bedding, 

 the prevention of concentration to the injury of the range, 

 improved herding methods, etc. 



\ (6) Improvement in range districts, range allotments, etc. 



