Vlll 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER 



XXII. 



XXIII. 



XXIV. 

 XXV. 



SECTION II 

 COMMUNAL LIFE OF ORGANISMS 



RECIPROCAL RELATIONS AMONG ORGANISMS 

 INTERFERENCE BY MAN .... 

 SYMBIOSIS OF PLANTS WITH ANIMALS 



SYMBIOSIS OF PLANTS WITH ONE ANOTHER. 

 ISM 



XXVI. COMMENSALISM. PLANT-COMMUNITIES 



MUTUAL- 



PAGE 

 82 



, 82 

 . 83 



84 



SECTION III 



ADAPTATIONS OF AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL PLANTS. 

 OECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 



XXVII. AQUATIC AND TERRESTRIAL PLANTS ... 96 

 XXVIII. ADAPTATIONS OF WATER-PLANTS (HYDROPHYTES) . 97 

 XXIX. ADAPTATIONS OF LAND-PLANTS .... 100 

 XXX. REGULATION OF TRANSPIRATION IN LAND-PLANTS . 102 

 XXXI. ABSORPTION OF WATER BY LAND-PLANTS . . 117 

 XXXII. STORAGE OF WATER BY LAND-PLANTS. WATER- 

 RESERVOIRS 119 



XXXIII. OTHER STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS AND GROWTH-FORMS 



OF LAND-PLANTS, AND ESPECIALLY OF XEROPHYTES 127 



XXXIV. OECOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION 131 



XXXV. PHYSIOGNOMY OF VEGETATION. FORMATIONS. ASSO- 

 CIATIONS. VARIETIES OF ASSOCIATIONS . . 137 



SECTION IV 

 CLASS I. HYDROPHYTES. FORMATIONS OF AQUATIC PLANTS 



XXXVI. OECOLOGICAL FACTORS 



XXXVII. FORMATIONS OF AQUATIC PLANTS . 



XXXVIII. PLANKTON-FORMATION 



XXXIX. CRYOPLANKTON. VEGETATION ON ICE AND SNOW 



XL. HYDROCHARID-FORMATION OR PLEUSTON 



XLI. LITHOPHILOUS BENTHOS 



XLII. BENTHOS OF LOOSE SOIL 



149 

 154 

 155 

 163 

 164 

 167 

 173 



