336 MESOPHYTES SECT, xvi 



and are represented here by numerous species : such is the case with 

 Quercus, Juglans, Carya, Betula, Alnus, Ulmus, Celtis, Fagus (F. ferru- 

 ginea), Castanea, Carpinus, Ostrya, Populus, Salix, Acer, and Fraxinus. 

 But, in addition, many genera that are subtropical or reminiscent of the 

 tropics, and include deciduous species, extend into this forest, especially 

 in the southern and eastern parts, because the connexion of the land 

 with more southern regions has permitted facile migration since the 

 Glacial Epoch. Among such genera foreign to the north of Europe are 

 Magnolia, Liriodendron, Robinia, Gleditschia, Gymnocladus, Catalpa, 

 Morus, Liquidambar, Sassafras, Platanus, and Aesculus. 



In North America dicotylous forest is represented by many different 

 associations, according as different species dominate. In Michigan, 

 according to Livingston, 1 beech-maple forest represents the highest stage, 

 and grows on the best soil ; then succeed maple-elm association, oak-hickory 

 association, oak-hazel association, and oak-pine association, all of which 

 stages denote deterioration in quality of soil. 2 



Antarctic deciduous beech-forest. In Patagonia there are deciduous 

 forests composed of Nothofagus antarctica, N. obliqua, N. procera, 

 N. Montagnii, and N. Pumilio. They occur especially in the higher parts 

 of mountains in a moderately moist zone, and on the drier eastern slopes 

 of the Andes, where they rise like islets out of the eastern Patagonian 

 steppe-region, whereas evergreen forests composed essentially of Notho- 

 fagus betuloides occur in the rainy belt. 3 



Japanese forest, like North American, is also very rich in species, and 

 thus contrasts with ordinary European forest ; a luxuriant mountain- 

 forest shows us in flower a hundred species of trees and shrubs, belonging 

 to at least seventy-six genera. In this case the cause of the multiplicity 

 is certainly geological. The forest region of Fujiyama, according to 

 Rein, 4 includes mainly dicotylous forest, but here and there conifers give 

 rise to woods. The dicotylous forests consist largely of deciduous oaks, 

 beeches, and maples, to which are added species of Zelkova, Juglans, 

 Pterocarya, Betula, Tilia, Fraxinus, Magnolia, Cercidiphyllum, Acantho- 

 panax, and Aesculus. The flora shows a strong affinity to that of eastern 

 North America. There are numbers of lianes belonging to the genera 

 Actinidia, Celastrus, Vitis, Rhus, Wistaria (W. chinensis), Akebia, and 

 Clematis. The underwood is very rich. Japanese forests are remarkable 

 for the beauty of their autumn tints. Somewhat similar forests occur in 

 Caucasia, Talish, and in the north of Asia Minor. 5 Japanese forest differs 

 from European in being so rich in species and in the number of lianes 

 present. 



APPENDIX. MONSOON-FOREST 



The term ' monsoon-forest ' is due to Schimper, who thus designates 

 tropical, deciduous high-forest. It occurs within the tropics in districts 

 where the annual rainfall exceeds 180 centimetres and there is a prolonged 

 dry season. Such a combination is somewhat infrequent, and appears to 

 be encountered only on the open slopes of mountains exposed to the 



1 Livingston, 1903. 



" For further details consult also Mayr, 1890; Cowles, 1901 ; Whitford, 1901, 1905. 



:1 Consult Neger, 1897, 1901 ; Dusen, 1905 ; Reiche, 1907. 



4 Rein, 1879, 1881 ; Yokoyama, 1887. 5 Radde, 1899. 



