INDEX 



409 



305 ; of South Africa 124; in 

 South African savannah 299; 

 as xerophytes 1 24. 



Bupleurum tenuissinmm 231. 



Burma, savannah-forest 300. 



Burmanniaceae, as holosapro- 

 phytes 90 ; in tropical rain- 

 forest 340. 



Bush, on acid humus soil 214; 

 sclerophyllous 303. 



Bushland, arctic, on acid soil, 

 characters 215; bamboo 295; 

 on dry soil 291 ; dune- 262, 265, 

 flora 268 ; evergreen tropical 

 301 ; formation 196 ; halo- 

 philous 223, on sand 228; meso- 

 phytic 318, 328, in Greenland 

 328, on Norwegian mountains 

 328; palm 291 ; retama- 306; 

 Rhododendron- 215; salt- 223, 

 composition 231 ; subalpine 

 302, on acid soil, characters 

 215; tamarisk 229; thorn- 

 291, 294. 



Bush -swamp 186 ; in arctic 

 regions 192 ; fresh water, 

 composition 190. 



Bush-wood, as type of forma- 

 tion 141. 



Buttress- roots, see Boots. 



Bitxus sempervirens 291. 



C. 



Caa-Tinga, of Brazil, vegetation 

 294. 



Cactaceae, in Caa-Tinga of 

 Brazil 294 ; epharmonic con- 

 vergence, example of 3 ; in suc- 

 culent-steppe of New World 

 279 ; in thom-bushland 295 ; as 

 tropical chasmophytes 245 ; in 

 West Indian evergreen bush- 

 land 302 ; in South American 

 mountain- steppe 261. 



Cactus-form, characters II. 



Caesalpinia Bonducella, in Bar- 

 ringtouia-association 228. 



Cakile maritima 226 ; culture- 

 experiments 219. 



Cakile turn 226. 



Calamine violet, see Viola cala- 

 minaria. 



Calciphilous plants 67. 



Calciphobous plants 67. 



Caledonia, New, savannahs 

 299. 



California, maqni 308 ; sclero- 

 phyllous forest 309; sclero- 

 phyllous vegetation 303 ; shrub- 

 steppe 280. 



Calluna, on dwarf-shrub heath 

 21 1 ; in peat formation 210; 

 in Rhododendron-bnshland 215; 

 on wet and dry soils 194. 



C. vulgaris, capable ot giving 

 rise to independent formation 



142 ; in dune-heath 268 ; in 



heath-vegetation 212. 

 Calluna-moor 314. 

 CaLluna-heath 213. 



Callunetum, in northern Europe 



212. 



Calotropis procera, in ' ochur- 

 vegetation" 295. 



Campo, Brazilian, characters of 

 vegetation 296. 



Canary Isles, laurineons forest 

 309 ; mountain-steppe 261 ; 

 maqui 307 ; pinares, vegetation 

 315 ; Statice on 224; steppe- 

 vegetation 279. 



Canavalia, in Barringtonia- 

 association 228. 



Canavalia-association 227. 



Canopy trees, characters n. 



Cape Colony, composita-steppe 

 279 ; maqui 307 ; savannah 

 299 ; South-West, sclerophyl- 

 lous vegetation 303. 



Cape Verde Islands, Euphor- 

 bia-steppe 279. 



Carapa, in mangrove-vegetation 



235- 



C. inoluecensis 235. 



Carex arenaria 264 ; roots, deep- 

 growing 268, two forms 117; 

 travelling geophyte 9. 



Carex y?rwa-association, in al- 

 pine mat-vegetation 321. 



Caribbean Sea, salt-bushland 

 of shores 232. 



Caricetum 197. 



Caspian Sea region, salt tract 

 218. 



Casuarina, in aphyllous tjemoro- 

 forest 300; a switch-plant 112. 



Caucasia, bush land 288. 



Cauliflorous species, in tropical 

 rain-forest 343. 



Celmisia viscosa, in New Zealand 

 fell-field 260. 



Cereus giganlens, in Mexican 

 succulent-steppe 279. 



Ceriops, in mangrove-vegetation 



235' 



Ceharia islamiica 212. 

 Cetraria, in arctic fell-field 257. 

 Ceylon, patanas 298, 354. 

 Chad, Lake, ochur-vegetation 



295- 



Chamaecypans thyoides, in juni- 

 per-swamp 191. 

 Chamaerops humilis, in palm- 



bushland 291. 

 Change of vegetation 364. 

 Chaparral in North America 



280. 

 Chasmochomophytes 239, 



240. 

 Chasmophytes, definition 243 ; 



adaptations 244. 

 Chenopodiaceae, in North 



American shrub-steppe 278. 



Chersophytes 136, 289.. 



Chile, maqui 308 ; rain-forest, 

 flora 339; sand-dunes 271; 

 sclerophyllous forest 309 ; scle- 

 rophyllous vegetation 303. 



Chilian punas 259. 



Chiliotrichum amelloidettm, in 

 Falkland Isles fell-field 260. 



Chinata-pampa 287. 



Chlamydomonas (Sphaerella'i 

 nivalis, cause of red snow 

 163. 



Chlorenchyma 107 ; of water- 

 plants, slightly differentiated 99. 



Chomophytes 240. 



Chorisia crispiflora, in Caa- 

 Tinga of Brazil 294. 



Chylocaulous plants 1 23. 



Cistus, in Mediterranean maqui 

 306. 



Cistus-maqui 307. 



Cladina-heath, composition 

 208. 



Cladonia, in arctic fell-field 257 ; 

 in pinetum 312. 



C. rangiferina 212. 



Cladosporium, in peat formation 

 210. 



Classification, oecological 96. 



Clavaria abietina, occurrence in 

 coniferous forest 90. 



Clay soil, characters 60. 



Climatic conditions, in sub- 

 glacial fell-fields 248. 



Coccolithophoridae, constitu- 

 ents of phyto-plankton 157. 



Coccoloba-association 229, 

 272. 



Cochleariafenestrata, protection 

 against low temperatures 23. 



C. ojficinalis, culture-experiments 

 219. 



Cold, protection against 23; 

 soil, formations 248. 



Colletia, in maqui of Chile 308. 



Colocynth, deeply-descending 

 roots 117. 



Colonization, see Peopling of 

 new soil. 



Coloration, influenced by 

 light 20. 



Colours, of flowers, in alpine 

 species 255. 



Combretaceae, in mangrove- 

 vegetation 235. 



Commensalism 91 ; definition 

 92. 



Commensals, like 92 ; unlike 

 93- 



Communal life,of organisms 82. 



Communities, factors favouring 

 formation 93 ; grouping 96 ; 

 halo-nereid, composition 170; 

 limno-nereid, composition 169 : 

 salt-water 1 70 ; subordinate 

 142. See also Plant-com- 

 munities, Community. 



