4 io 



Community, discussion of term 

 91. 



Compass-plants 19, 113. 



Competition among species, a 

 factor of plant-distribution 70. 



Complementary associations 

 368. 



Composita-steppe, in Cape 

 Colony 279. 



Compositae, abundance in 

 Asiatic and North American 

 steppes 279 ; European, in 

 South American grass-steppe 

 i, pampas) 287; in Mediter- 

 ranean flora 305 ; in prairie-flora 

 285 ; in South American fell- 

 field 259. 



Congo, savannahs 298. 



Coniferae, evergreen, general 

 characters 310 ; mycorhiza 86. 



Coniferous, forest, deciduous 

 (larch-forest) 316, evergreen 

 311, 315, mixed 315; forma- 

 tions 136, 310. 



Convolvulus arvetisis 219. 



C. Soldanella 226. 



Copemicia cerifera, in Argentine 

 palm-forest 347. 



Corallorrhiza 331 ; a holosa- 

 prophyte 90. 



Cork, in regulation of trans- 

 piration 104. 



Cornicularia, in arctic fell-field 

 257- 



Lorynephorus canescens, see 

 IVeingartnaeria canescens. 



Covering, non-living, over vege- 

 tation, effect 72. 



Covillca tridentata 280. 



Cranibe maritima 226. 



Crassulaceae, in Canary Isles 

 steppe-flora 279; as chasmo- 

 phytes 244 ; rosette- plants 10. 



Creeping, plants 8, characters 

 and classes 10; rhizomes, of 

 uune-plants 264, 266. 



Crevice-plants, see Chasmo- 

 phytes. 



Crithmum maritiinum 224. 



Crocus vernus, flowers formed 

 under snow 252. 



Cretan species, metallic lustre, 

 due to scale-hairs 115. 



Cruciferae, in arctic fell-field 

 257. 



Crustaceous lichens 209. 



Cryophyte-formation 154,155. 



Cryo-plankton 163. 



Cryptogamia, abundance in 

 subglacial fell-field 256; in 

 arctic fell-field, importance 257. 



Culture - experiments with 

 halophytes 219. 



Cuscuta, a holoparasite 85. 



Cushion-like, growth, "caused 

 by wind 38; plants, in sub- 

 glacial species 253. 



INDEX 



Cushion-plants 1 29; characters 

 n. 



Cuticle, in regulation of trans- 

 piration 102; thick, as xero- 

 morphic character 193. 



Cuticular transpiration 102. 



Cyanophyceae, in colonization 

 of lava-fields of Krakatao 352 ; 

 in formation of travertine 175 ; 

 in hot springs 151, 174; in 

 phyto-plankton 155, 159, 160 ; 

 in production of marsh 351 ; 

 in roots of Cycads 87; in 

 Zostereta 230 ; on rocks 226. 



Cycads, roots, relations with 

 Cyanophyceae 87. 



Cynara Cardunculus, in South 

 American grass-steppe 287. 



Cynodon Dactylon, in Sandwich 

 Isles 327. 



Cyperaceae, on low-moor 197; 

 on tropical sea-shores 227. 



Cyperus Papyrus, in sudd- 

 formation 189 



D. 



Dactylis, in meadow 323, 324. 



Damaraland, Welwitschia ini- 

 rabilis in 276. 



Danube, region of, mixed char- 

 acter of forests 335. 



Dauctis Carota, exhibiting xero- 

 chasy 277. 



Daylight, length of, in Polar 

 regions, effect 249. 



Deciduous, coniferous forest 

 (larch-forest) 316; dicotylous 

 forest 318, 335, associations 331 , 

 characters and flora 329. 



Denmark, beech-forest 331 ; 

 dwarf-shrub heath 2 1 2 ; littoral 

 meadow 322. 



Deposits, at bottom of water 64. 



Derbesia Lamourauxii, relations 

 with Entoderma viride 87. 



Desert, adaptations 277 ; clima- 

 tic conditions 274; in East 

 Africa 276 ; Egypto- Arabian 

 275; formations 273, 274; 

 rolling-plants 277; salt 233; 

 silica-, of Egypt 274 ; soil, 

 absence of humus 273, 274; 

 Sahara 276 ; in S. Africa 276 ; 

 woodland extending into 288. 



Desert-plants, morphological 

 features 277; rapidity of de- 

 velopment 277. 



Dew, importance, in heath- 

 moors 32. 



Diatomaceae, constituents of 

 phyto-plankton 156. 



Dicranum-kar 208. 



Dimorphous halophytes 219. 



Dinoflagellata, constituents of 

 phyto-plankton 157. 



Dioscorea (Testudinaria) Ele- 

 phantipes 124. 



Distribution, influence of heat 

 on 28 ; of species, correlated 

 with soil 66, influenced by 

 chemical constitution of soil 

 66, by physical characters of 

 soil 69 ; of plants, influenced 

 by competition among species 

 70, by light 16. 



Dominant species 139. 



Draba, rosette-plant 9. 



Drip-tips 32, 1 16; in tropical 

 rain-forest 346 ; rare in Chilian 

 rain-forest 339. 



Dry, sand-field 262 ; seasons, 

 leaf-shedding a protection 

 against 35. 



Dryas octopetala 257; in Iceland 

 214. 



Drymoglossum mtmmulariae- 



folium, absorbent hairs on 

 root 121. 



Dryness, physiological, of soil 

 49, 50, 56, 195. 



Dune, high, production, 264 ; 

 low, production 264. 



Dune-bushland 262, 265 ; flora 

 268. 



Dune-forest, 262. 265;flora268. 



Dune-heath 262, 265"; flora 268. 

 See also Sand-dunes. 



Dung, fungi restricted to 90. 



Duration of life, in water-plants 

 100. 



Dwarf-growth 56. See also 

 Nanism. 



Dwarf-palm maqui 306. 



Dwarf-shrub, formations 141 ; 

 heath, adaptations 211, associa- 

 tions and distribution 212, 

 characters 210, flora an, for- 

 mation 196. 



Dwarf-shrubs, 1 2, 2 1 1 ; in ever- 

 green coniferous forest 311 ; 

 with fleshy fruits, abundance in 

 northern coniferous forest 312 ; 

 in subglacial fell-fields 251. 



Dysphotic vegetation 150. 



E. 



Early flowering, in subglacial 

 species 252. 



Earthworms, in soil, activity 78. 



Ectotrophic mycorhiza 86. 



Ecuador, fell-field 258. 



Edaphic varieties, of association 

 146. 



Egypt, silica-deserts 274. 



Egypto-Arabian desert, fea- 

 tures 275. 



Elachista, epiphytic on Fucaceae 

 88. 



Elaeagnaceae, metallic lustre 

 due to scale-hairs 115. 



Elepkantorrhiza, tuberous water 

 reservoir 125. 



Elfin scrub 216. 



Elfin- wood, of Alps. 213. 



