INDEX 



411 



Elodea canadensis,va Europe 364. 



Elymetum 264. 



Elymus arenarius 263, 264; 

 deep-growing roots 268; in 

 production of high dunes 264. 



Empetrum 311; on dwarf- 

 shrub heath 211; on wet 

 and dry soils 194. 



E. nigrum, on dune-heath 268 ; 

 on sand-dunes 264. 



Empetrum-association, in 

 Finland 214. 



Endotrophic mycorhiza 86. 



Enhalid- formation 154, 155. 



Enhalid-formations, adapta- 

 tions 177; flora 177; geogra- 

 phical distribution 178. 



Entoderma viride, in cell-wall 

 of Derbesia Lamourouxii 87. 



Entomophily, effect on physi- 

 ognomy of vegetation 83. 



Epacridaceae, in Australian 

 shrub-steppe 281. 



Epharmonic convergence, 3. 



Epharmony, definition 2. 



Epharmosis, definition a. 



Ephedra 276. 



Epidermis, water-plants 98. 



Epilobium hirsutum, aeren- 

 chyma 186. 



Epiphytes 87 ; abundant in 

 tropical rain-forest 340; on 

 aquatic plants 88 ; biological 

 adaptations 88 ; in deciduous 

 dicotylons forest 331 ; and 

 lithophytes, relations 242 ; pro- 

 tection against dessication 89 ; 

 structural features 89 ; as xero- 

 phytes 89. 



Epiphytic ferns, in Javanese 

 rain-forest 341. 



Epipogon 331. 



Equisetaceae, on low-moor 

 197. 



Eremophytes 1 36 ; formations 

 273 ; oecological factors 273. 



Erianthtts A'avennae, in reed- 

 swamp 189. 



Erica, on dwarf-shrub heath 

 211 ; in Makaronese maqui 

 307 ; in maqui 306, 307. 



E. arborea 259. 



E. Tetralix, in dwarf-shrub heath 

 213. 



Erica-maqui 307. 



Ericaceae, in arctic fell-field 

 257 ; on lichen-heath 209 ; in 

 maqui of Cape Colony 307 ; 

 mycorhiza 86. 



Ericaeeous heath, 210. 



Ericetum, in northern Europe 

 212. 



Ericoid, habit, widespread in 

 maqui of Cape Colony 307 ; 

 leaf, in halophytes 221, as xero- 

 morphic adaptation 194. 



Ericinella Klannii 259. 



Eriophoreta 197. 



Eryngium campestre, in vermuth- 

 steppe 278. 



E. maritintum 263; deeply- 

 descending roots 117. 



Escallonia, in South American 

 fell-field 259. 



Espalier-shape, caused by wind 

 38 ; features and significance 26 ; 

 plants exhibiting 26 ; probable 

 cause 27. 



Esparto-grass, see Stipa. 



Espeletia, dense hair-covering 

 114. 



E, grandiflora, in South 

 American fell-field 259. 



Espinal of Chile 308. 



Ethereal oils, in xerophytes 107. 



Etna, lava, absence of vegeta- 

 tion 241. 



Eucalyptus, in Australian shrub- 

 steppe 281 ; in sclerophyllous 

 forest of Australia 309. 



Eucalyptus-forest 300. 



Euphorbia 276 ; in succulent- 

 steppe of Old World 279 ; 

 succulent-stemmed species, as 

 tropical chasmophytes 244 ; 

 species, epharmonic conver- 

 gence, example 3. 



E. canariensis 279. 



E. mauritanica 279. 



E. Par alias 226. 



E. tetragona, in South African 

 savannah 299. 



Euphorbia-steppe 279; in 

 German South- West Africa 276. 



Euphotic vegetation 150. 



Europe, American plants in 

 364 ; arctic fell-field 257 ; 

 mountain-steppe 260; Northern 

 zonal formations on shore 225. 



European, genera, in tjermoro- 

 forest of Java 300 ; mountains, 

 fell-fields 258 ; species, in South 

 American grass-steppe (pam- 

 pas) 287. 



Evaporation from soil, factors 

 influencing 48. 



Evergreen, Coniferae, general 

 characters 310; coniferous 

 forest 315 ; dicotylous forest 

 318, characters 337 ; shrubs 

 in maqui 306; tropical bush- 

 land 301. 



Excretion of water, by water- 

 plants 99. 



Exochomophytes 240. 



Exposure, as oecological factor 

 80. 



Fagus sylvatica 331 ; scrub- 

 plant in Greenland 72. 



Falkland Isles, fell-field, flora 

 260; heath 214; tussock-for- 

 mation 200. 



Faroe Isles, moskar associa- 

 tions 208. 



Fat-storing trees, in cold 

 regions 23. 



Fell-field 209, 211 ; arctic, as- 

 sociations 257, distribution and 

 flora 257 ; subglacial, characters 

 of vegetation 256 ; formations 

 256 ; of South Georgia 260 ; 

 tropical, of Africa 259 ; pygmy- 

 trees 260. 



Fell-fields, in Alps 258 ; antarc- 

 tic 260; of European mountains 

 258 ; subglacial, adaptations of 

 species 251 ; climatic conditions 

 248; structural features of species 

 252 ; tropical 258. 



Fell-heath 305. 



Fern- forest 339. 



Fern-heath 292. 



Ferns, epiphytic, in Javanese 

 rain-forest 341. 



/'. ovinaiu; in steppe-flora 283. 

 F. ^a/att^ra-association 230. 

 F. valesiaca meadow on Alps 2 89. 

 Ficus religiosa, drip-tips 32; 



prop-roots 342 . 

 Filiform leaf, as xeromorphic 



adaptation 194. 

 Finland, dwarf-shrub heath, 



associations 214. 

 Fires, in forest and grass-land, 



colonization of new soil 353. 

 Fixation, of mangrove-plants 



236. 

 Flagellata, constituents of phy- 



to- plankton 157- 

 Fleshy fruits, of epiphytes 88. 

 Floats, air-, in Algae 98. 

 Flora, snow-patch 72. 

 Floristic, plant - geography, 



scope i ; species, association 



as 145. 

 Flotation-devices, of phyto- 



plankton 158. 

 Flowering, early, in subglacial 



species 252. 

 Flowers, colours of, in alpine 



species 255. 

 Foliage, dead, attached to sub- 



glacial plants 24, 75; fallen, 



effect on vegetation 74. 

 Forest 310; on acid humus 



soil 214 ; alder- 335 ; antarctic, 



characters and flora 338 ; beech- 



33 1 . 336; birch- 334; deciduous 



dicotylous 318, associations 



331, characters and flora 329; 



dune- 262, 265, flora 268 ; 



eucalyptus 300 ; evergreen coni- 



ferous 315; evergreen dicotylous 



318, 337; fern- 339; fires, 



colonization of new soil 353; 



effect on competition among 



plants 354; formation 196; 



halophilons 223, on sand 228; 



