412 



in high altitudes, composition 

 216 ; Japanese 336; laurineons, 

 in Canary Isles 309; mixed 

 coniferous 315 ; monsoon- 336 ; 

 oak-, characters and flora 333, 

 Mediterranean 308 ; palm- 

 3475 pine- (pinetum) 312; 

 primeval 339; psammophilous 

 272 ; rain-, subtropical 338, 339, 

 tropical 339 ; savannah- 299 ; 

 sclerophyllous 303, 304, 308; 

 spruce- 313; swamp-, littoral 

 223, 234; a type of formation 

 141. 



Forest-floor vegetation, charac- 

 ters, 141. 



Forest-moor, origin 203. 



Forest-swamp, in arctic regions 

 192 ; of fresh water, composition 

 1 90; woody plants in, xerophytic 

 characters 191. 



Forest-trees, effects of light on 

 17; light-demanding 18; shade- 

 enduring 18. 



Formation, use of term 1 39 ; 

 definition 140; bushland 196; 

 cryophyte- 154, 155; dwarf- 

 shrub heath 196; enhalid- 154, 

 155 ; forest 196 ; high-moor 

 196 ; hydrocharid- 154, 155, 

 164, adaptations 165, associa- 

 tions and distribution 166, flora 

 164; lichen-tundra 196; limnaea 

 154,155; low-moor 1 96; micro- 

 phyte- 154, 155, 174, saprophy- 

 tic, composition 176; monte- 

 280; moss-tundra 196 ; nereid- 

 155; plankton- 154, 155; 

 tussock- 196. 



Formations 137 ; on acid 

 (sour) soil 193, 196; of aquatic 

 plants 1 49, 1 54 ; classification 

 132; on cold 5011248; com- 

 pound 142 ; coniferous 310; on 

 desert and steppe 273; enhalid-, 

 adaptations and flora 177, 

 distribution 178 ; eremophytes 

 273; factors influencing 132; 

 fixity 143 ; limnaea-, adapta- 

 tions 179. associations and 

 distribution 183, flora 179; 

 mesophytic3i7; on rocks 239; 

 on rubble and shingle 246 ; on 

 saline soil 218 ; on sand and 

 gravel 262 ; savannah- 293 ; 

 sclerophyllous 303 ; secondary 

 143 ; simple 142; strata, stories 

 !37> J 3*>; sub- 144; sub- 

 glacial fell-field 256 ; on talus 

 246 ; types 141 ; on waste land 

 289. 



Foul- water plankton 162. 



France, southern, garigue 304. 



Fresh-water, lakes, zonal dis- 

 tribution on shores 226 ; plank- 

 ton 161; swamps, characters 

 1 86. 



Fruticose lichens 208. 



INDEX 



Fujiyama, forest region 336. 

 Fungi, in soil, influence 79 ; 

 occurring only on dung 90. 



G. 



Garide, composition 291. 



Garigue, characters and flora 

 304. 



Genista, 211 ; in Mediterranean 

 maqui 306. 

 G. anglica, on dune-heath 268. 



Genisteae, switch-plants 112. 



Gentianaceae, saprophytic, in 

 tropical rain-forest 340. 



Genus, oecological 145. 



Geographical varieties, of as- 

 sociation 146. 



Geophytes, mat- 9; rhizome- 9; 

 travelling 9. 



Georgia, South, fell-field 260 ; 

 tussock-formation 200. 



German East Africa, see 

 Africa. 



German South-West Africa, 

 see Africa. 



Germany, beech- forest 331 ; 

 dwarf-shrub heath 212; Eastern, 

 waste herbage 290 ; North, 

 sand-dunes 269. 



Glauciuin flavum 226. 



Glaux maritima 231. 



Glyceria maritima - association 

 230. 



G. spectabilis, in reed-swamp 1 89. 



Goody era 311, 313. 



Gotland, alvar- vegetation 290. 



Gramineae, in alpine mat-vege- 

 tation 321 ; in arctic fell-field 

 257; on low-moor 197 ; in mea- 

 dow 323, 324; in Mediterranean 

 flora 305 ; mesophytic forest, 

 characters 331 ; in pasture 326 ; 

 preponderance in mat-grass- 

 land 319; on sand-dunes, fur- 

 rowed leaves 267 ; in savannah 

 296, 297, 298, 299, 300; in 

 South American pampas 387; 

 on tropical sea-shores 227. 



Grass, withered, effect on vege- 

 tation 74. 



Grass-heath. 199. 



Grass-moor 197. 



Grass-savannah 298. 



Grass-steppe 281 ; in Asia 285 ; 

 formation 274; in Hungary 

 284; influence on loess-pro- 

 duction 282 ; in North America 

 285 ; in Servia 284 ; (pampas) 

 in South America 286 ; in 

 South-eastern Russia, origin 

 and climate 282 ; vegetation 

 283 ; in Spain 284 ; in Rou- 

 mania 284. 



Grass-wrack, see Zostera. 



Grasses, favoured by nitro- 

 genous manures 68 ; rolled-np 

 leaves 109 ; steppe- 109. 



Grassland, fires in, colonization 



of new soil 353 ; in Sandwich 

 Isles 327. 



Gravel, formations on 262. 



Gravel-steppes, of Algeria 275. 



Great Namaqualand. see 

 Namaqualand. 



Greece, garigue 304. 



Green snow 163. 



Greenland, arctic fell-field 

 257; mat-grassland 319 ; mat- 

 herbage 320; mesophytic bush- 

 land 328 ; sand-dunes 269 ; 

 significance of vegetation 209. 



Grey sand-dunes 262, 265. 



Grimmia-kar 208. 



Grimmia in production of sand- 

 dune 265. 



Ground- water 45. 



Growth, retarded by light 18. 



Growth-form, influence of here- 

 dity, environment 3 ; unit in 

 oecological botany 5. 



Growth-forms 2, 4 ; classes 

 6 ; of land-plants 127; types, as 

 basis of classification of vege- 

 tation 140; of xerophytes 127. 



Guttation 99, 101. 



Gymnogramine leptophylla, in 

 Madeira 245. 



Gypsophila paniculate, a rolling- 



S'ant 284. 

 ytja ' deposit 65. 



H. 



ffaastia, in New Zealand fell- 

 field 260. 



Habitat, influence of heat 28. 



Hail, injurious effects 33. 



Hairs, absorption of water 118; 

 in control ot transpiration 114; 

 on dune plants 267 ; in halo- 

 phytes 220 ; production, influ- 

 enced by light 20 ; as protection 

 against cold 24 ; as water- 

 reservoirs 121 ; as xeromorphic 

 character 193. 



Hairy species, in dry situations 

 114. 



Haifa grass, see Stipa. 



Halo-nereid communities, com- 

 position 170. 



Halophilous, bushland 223, on 

 sand, characters 228; families 

 319; forest 223, on sand, 

 characters 228 ; herbs 223, 225 ; 

 nereid-fonnation 155; plants 67. 



Halophobous families 219. 



Halophyte, a form of xerophyte 



134- 



Halophytes, 136, 218; adap- 

 tations 219; anatomy 219; a- 

 phyllous 221; communities 

 223; culture-experiments 219; 

 duration of life 219; external 

 form 221 ; leaf-form 221 ; 

 lithophilous 223; composition 

 224; pelophilous 223, 230; 

 psammophilous 223, 262, zones, 



