4 i6 



INDEX 



Palm-bushland, distribution 

 and flora 291. 

 Palm-forest, in South America 



347- 

 Palmae, in mangrove-vegetation 



235. 



Pampas 281 ; Argentine, salt- 

 steppe 232; salt tract 218; in 

 South America, associations 

 287, characters 286, flora 287. 



Pan, hard, formation 63 ; moor-, 

 formation 63. 



Pandanus, in Barringtonia- 

 association 228 ; prop-roots 

 34 2 : 



Panic um, in prairie-flora 285. 



Pannonian hills, see Pontio 

 hills. 



Fapilionaceae, as lianes 91 ; in 

 Mediterranean flora 305. 



Papillae, as xeromorphic charac- 

 ter 193. 



Paramos, of South America 258, 

 261. 



Parasites 85 ; root-, in tropical 

 rain-forest 340. 



Parasitism, definition 84. 



Parklands, of Eastern Asia 325. 



Parmelia 241. 



P. esculenta, as rolling-plant of 

 deserts 277. 



Pasture, on cultivated soil 318, 

 distribution and flora 326 ; in 

 tropics, artificial 327. 



Patagonia, Nothofagus in deci- 

 duous forest 336 ; tussock-for- 

 mation in 200. 



Patagonian, and New Zealand 

 forests, similarity 338; shrub- 

 steppe 280. 



Patanas of Ceylon 354 ; vege- 

 tation 298. 



Peat 196 ; in frigid zones 205 ; 

 heather-, composition 210; of 

 high-moor 201 ; production 61, 

 by mosses 205, in tundra 207 ; 

 soil 61 ; in tropics 204. 



Peat-hillocks 206. 



Pelagic plankton 161. 



Pelogenous rocks 69. 



Pelophilous halophytes 223, 

 23. 



Pelopsammitic soil 69. 



Pentzia, in composita-steppe of 

 Cape Colony 2 79. 



Peopling of new soil by plants 

 349; general conclusions regard- 

 ing 356 ; marsh production 

 351; on new soil, resulting 

 from fires in forest and grass- 

 land 353, resulting from land- 

 slips 35 2 , resulting from volcanic 

 eruptions 351 ; on sand 350; on 

 soil exposed on lowering of 

 water-level 351. 



Perennation, of species in sub- 

 glacial fell-fields 251. 



