INDEX 



419 



Sand-fields 265. 

 Sand-puszta, of Servia 269. 

 Sandwich Isles, grasslands of, 



327. 



Sandy shores, in northern 

 Europe, zonal formations 262. 



Sapindaceae, as lianes 91. 



Saprophytes 89 ; in deciduous 

 dicotylous forest 33 1 ; influence 

 on soil 79; in tropical rain- 

 forest 340. 



Saprophytic microphyte- forma- 

 tion, composition 1 76. 



Sapro-plankton 160, 162. 



Sarothamnus 211. 



Saturation-deficit, importance 



3- 



Savannah, African 298 ; in 

 Australia 299 ; in Cape Colony 

 299 ; in Congo 298 ; in East 

 Africa 298 ; physiognomy, 

 variety 297 ; South American 

 296 ; subtropical 299 ; thorny 

 293 ; trees in relation to 300; 

 tropical, 296; true 293, char- 

 acters of vegetation 295. 



Savannah-forest 293, 299. 



Savannah-formations 293. 



Saxaul tree, see Haloxylon 

 A mmodendron. 



Saxifraga, hydathodes 103 ; 

 vegetative propagation 252. 



S. Hirculus, growing on wet 

 and dry soils 194. 



S. oppositifolia 244. 



Saxifragaceae, as chasmo- 

 phytes 244. 



Schizomycetes, constituents of 

 phyto-plankton 156; in hot- 

 springs 175. 



Sciophilous (heliophobous) 

 plants, characters 18. 



Sciophylls, characters 19, 20. 



Scirpus maritimus 233. 



S. Tabemaemontani 233. 



Sclerophyllous, forest 304, 308, 

 309 ; formations 1 36, 304 ; 

 scrub, maqui 305 ; vegetation, 

 characters 303, definition 303. 



Sclerophylly, as xeromorphic 

 character 194. 



Scotland, pasture-associations 

 326. 



Scramblers 91. 



Scrub, 129; brigalow- 281 ; at 

 high altitudes 216,217; mallee- 

 281 ; maqui sclerophyllous 305 ; 

 mulga- 281 ; orchard- 293. 



Scrub-plants, in arctic countries 

 72 ; occurrence 27. 



Scyphiphora hydropkyllacea, in 

 mangrove-vegetation 235. 



Sea, flora, factors influencing 

 1 70 ; see also Plankton. 



Sea-marram, see Psamma aren- 

 aria. 



Season, vegetative, types 250. 



Sebakh, of North Africa 233. 



Sedge-moor 197. 



Seeds of epiphytes, adaptations 

 88. 



Semi -lianes 91. 



Sempervivum 244. 



Senecio, in composita-steppe of 

 Cape Colony 279; in South 

 African savannah 299;(Kleinia) 

 as tropical chasmophyte 254. 



S.Johnstonii 259. 



S. vcrnalis, as migrating species 

 364- 



O. VtSCOSUS 2 2O. 



Serenoa serrti/ate, in palm-bush- 

 land 291. 



Serir 275. 



Servia, grass-steppe 284 ; mea- 

 dow 325 ; sand-dunes, flora 269 ; 

 sand-puszta 269 ; swamp-mea- 

 dow 199. 



Shade, influence on plant-dis- 

 tribution 366. 



Shade-plants 17, 18. 



Shedding of leaves, protection 

 against dry seasons 35. 



Shifting, sand-dune, flora 264 ; 

 sand-dunes 262, adaptations 

 264, associations 264, construc- 

 tion 263. 



Shingle, formations 246. 



Shingle-banks 223, 228. 



Shoot, forms, in xerophytes 1 1 1. 



Shores, of northern Europe, 

 zonal formations 225, 262. 



Shotts, of North Africa 233. 



Shrub-steppe, 278, 280; for- 

 mation 274 ; North American, 

 occurrence and flora 278 ; in 

 Mexico 280; of Argentine 

 Andes 261. 



Shrub-wood, as type of forma- 

 tion 141. 



Shrubs, characters 12. 



Siberia, arctic fell-field 257; 

 larch-forest 316 ; mesophytic 

 bushland 328 ; primeval forest 

 315; significance of vegetation 

 209 ; tundra 205. 



Sibljak, characters and distribu- 

 tion 288. 



Sierra Nevada, shrub-steppe 

 278. 



Silica, in epidermis of leaf of 

 Medinilla magnified 345 ; de- 

 serts, of Egypt 274. 



Silicicolous plants 67. 



Silver fir forest 314. 



Silybum Marianum, in South 

 American grasse-steppe 287. 



Snow, brown 163 ; defence 

 against transpiration 73 ; in- 

 fluence on plant-form 72, on 

 vegetation 72, on vegetative 

 season 74; green 163; red 

 163 ; thermal conditions 73 ; 

 vegetation 163. 



Snow-covering, oecological 

 importance 72. 



Snow-patch flora 72, 257, 319. 



Soft-stemmed plants n. 



Soil, activity of animals in 77; 

 affected by living vegetable 

 covering 75; acid, formations 

 growing on 196 ; acid humus, 

 bush on 214, forest on 214; 

 air in, as oecological factor 43 ; 

 at bottom of water, nature 64 ; 

 capillary action 41 ; chemical 

 and physical characters 65, in- 

 fluence on plant-distribution 66, 

 69 ; chemical relations, influ- 

 enced by plant-covering 77 ; 

 depth, as oecological factor 

 54; of desert and steppe 273; 

 distinctions in, leading to se- 

 paration of new species 56 ; 

 drought, physical, 134, physio- 

 logical 134 ; facility of perco- 

 lation in 46 ; formed under 

 water 64 ; heat of, sources 51 ; 

 hygroscopic character 46 ; 

 kinds, as oecological factor 59 ; 

 influence on, of bacteria, 79, 

 of fungi 79, of moss-covering 

 76, of saprophytes 79 ; new, 

 peopling of 349 ; nitrification 

 by bacteria 79 ; nutriment 

 in, geographical significance 

 58, as oecological factor 

 55 ; physiological dryness 

 49 5. 56, 134 ; pore- 

 volume 42 ; power to raise 

 water 46; saline, formations 

 218, occurrence 218 ; secondary 

 41 ; solid constituents 41 ; 

 sour (acid), formations 193, 

 196; structure, as oecological 

 factor 40, 42 ; temperature, ef- 

 fect on functional activity of 

 root 50, factors influencing 51, 

 as oecological factor 50 ; tena- 

 city 41 ; upper layers, and sub- 

 soil, relationship 54; water in, 

 as oecological factor 44; water- 

 capacity 47 ; wet, physiolo- 

 gical dryness 194; and xero- 

 morphic structure, causal con- 

 nexion between 194. 



Solatium tuberosum t travelling 

 geophyte 9. 



Soldanella, flowers formed under 

 snow 252. 



S. alpijta, rosette-plant 10. 



Solfataras, of Java 68. 



Sonchus oleraceus 264. 



Sonneratia, in mangrove-vegeta- 

 tion 235 ; respiratory roots 

 236. 



Sour (acid) soil, formations 193. 



South Africa, see Africa, 

 South. 



South America, see America, 

 South. 



