420 



South Georgia, see Georgia, 

 South. 



Spain, grass-steppe 284; maqui 

 306, 307; salt -steppe 232; 

 waste herbage 290. 



Spartina cynomroides, in prairie- 

 flora 285. 



Spartinetum, on American 

 coasts 231. 



Spartium junceum, in maqui 

 306. 



Spartocytisus nubigenus, in 

 Canary Isles 261. 



Species, competition of, as 

 factor in plant-distribution 7 ! 

 distribution, correlated with 

 soil 66; dominant 1 39; floristic 

 145; new, resulting from dis- 

 tinctions in soil 56; parallel, 

 on distinct soils, differences 57 ; 

 sub-dominant 139. 



Specific gravity of water, in- 

 fluence on plankton-organisms 

 153, 158. 



Spergularia marina 231. 



S. media, culture-experiments 



220. 



Spermophyta, depth of occur- 

 rence in water 150 ; formation 

 of lithophilous, vegetation 169. 



Sphaerella (Chlamydomonas) 

 nivalis, cause of green snow 

 163 ; protection against low 

 temperatures 23. 



Sphaerophoron, in arctic fell-field 



257- 



S. corallioides 212. 



Sphagnetum 200. See also 

 High-moor. 



Sphagnum, a calciphobous plant 

 201 ; growth 201 ; in high-moor 

 formation 200; relations with 

 Nostoc 87. 



Sphagnum-kar 208. 



Sphagnum - moor 200, 360 ; 

 development 359. See also 

 High-moor. 



Sfmtfex, infrnctescence, rolled 

 by wind 277. 



S. squarrosus on tropical Asiatic 

 sea-shores 227. 



Spitzbergen, significance of 

 vegetation 209. 



Spring-vegetation, of beech- 

 forest 332 ; of oak-forest 334. 



Spruce-forest, vegetation 313. 



Stapdia 276; epharmonic con- 

 vergence, example 3. 



Statice Limonium 231, 232. 



Stationary sand-dunes 262. 

 265. 



Stem, aphyllous, asxeromorphic 

 adaptation 194. 



Steppe, in Central Asia 281 ; 

 composita-, in Cape Colony 2 79; 

 Euphorbia- 276, 2 79; formations 

 273; gravel- 275; in Hungary 



INDEX 



281, 284; Kirghiz, flora 270; 

 in Russia 281, 282, 283; soil, 

 absence of humus 273 ; suc- 

 culent 279; trees in relation to 

 300; woodland extending into 

 288 ; grass- 274, 281, in Asia 



285, in Old World 282, in 

 Roumania 284, in Servia 284, 

 in South America (pampas) 



286, in Spain 284 ; mountain- 

 260; salt- 223; distribution 

 and composition 232 ; shrub- 

 274, 278, 280 ; North American 

 278 ; vermuth- 278. 



Steppe-grass, in North America 



285. 

 Steppe - grasses, rolled - up 



leaves 109. 

 Steppe-regions 218. 

 Steppes, gravel-, of Algeria 



275; Transcaspian, flora 270. 

 Stereocaulon magdlanicum 209. 

 Sticta Freycinetii 209. 

 Stipa 290 ; in steppe-flora 283, 



284. 

 S. Ichu, in South American 



mountain- steppe 261. 

 Stomata, of halophytes 220 ; 



in regulation of transpiration 



105. 



St omatal transpiration 1 04. 

 Stone-fields, in the Kalahari 



275. 



Stone-heath 305. 



Storage of water, by land-plants 

 119. 



Storage-tracheids, in halo- 

 phytes 221. 



Strata, inclination, influence on 

 vegetation 81. 



Struggle, between plant com- 

 munities 348, 358 ; for existence, 

 among plants, factors influenc- 

 ing 93- 



Stunted growth, conditions in- 

 ducing 29, 37, 129. See also 

 Nanism. 



Suaeda, exhibiting espalier-shape 

 26. 



5". maritima 231. 



Subalpine bushland 302 ; on 

 acid soil, characters 215. 



Sub-dominant species 1 39. 



Sub-glacial, communities 248 ; 

 fell-fields, adaptations of species 

 251, characters of vegetation 

 256, climatic conditions 248, 

 formations 256, species, struc- 

 tural features 252 ; plants, effect 

 of heat on 26, early-flowering 

 2 S 2 vegetative propagation 

 256. 



Submarine meadows, flora 178. 



Subsoil, and upper layers of 

 soil, relationship 54. 



Substratum, nutrient, as oeco- 

 logical factor 40. 



Subtropical rain-forest 338, 



339- 



Subularia, as limnaea rosette- 

 form 184. 



Succession of vegetation 358 ; 

 in forest 362 ; in fresh water 

 358 ; in mangrove-swamps 

 360 ; on moors 359, 361 ; on 

 rocks 361 ; in Sphagnum-moor 

 359 36o. 



Succulence, of halophytes 219 ; 

 in leaf in. 



Succulent plants, characters 

 122, 123; as chasmophytes 

 244; devoid of hairs 115; 

 origin 123; respiration 123; 

 steppe, distribution 279. 



Succulent-leaved plants, form 

 123. 



Succulent-stemmed plants 1 1 ; 

 form 123. 



Sudd-formation, composition 

 189. 



Suez, sand-dunes east of 269. 



Sulphur- bacteria 175, 176, 

 177. 



Sunda Isles, tjemoro-forest 300. 



Sunlight, direct, influence on 

 plant-communities 51 ; intense, 

 influence on dune-vegetation 

 267 ; intensity of, effect 250. 



Sun-plants 18. 



Swamp, bush- 186, fresh-water 

 190; forest-, fresh water 190; 

 fresh- water, characters 186 ; 

 reed- 186, salt 233 ; saline 186 ; 

 salt- 223. 



Swamp-forest, littoral 223, 



234- 

 Swamp-meadow, 197 ; in 



Servia 199. 

 Sweden, alvar-vegetation 290; 



(Blekinge) development of 



vegetation 364 ; waste herbage 



290 ; wood-meadow 325, 335. 

 Switch-plants in ; in maqui 



306. 

 Switzerland, lacustral dunes 



269 ; meadow 325. 

 Symbiosis, of plants with 



animals 83 ; of plants with one 



another 84. 

 Syria, garigue 304. 



Taiga, Siberian primeval forest 

 3i5- 



Talus, formations 246. 



Tamarisk-bushland 229. 



Tamarix 276. 



Taraxacum vulgare, rosette- 

 plant 9. 



Tasmanian forests, tree-ferns 

 339- 



Taxodium distichum, in black- 

 gum swamp 191 ; pneumato- 

 phores 186. 



