Teak-trees, in monsoon-forest 



337- 



Temperature, accumulated, es- 

 timation 26 ; on mountains, 

 periodic changes 248 ; of soil, 

 influence, on functional activity 

 of root 50, on plant-form 50, on 

 sea-flora 151 ; as oecological 

 fact or 50; of water, significance 

 151. 



Temperatures, critical, varia- 

 tion 22 ; extreme, protection 

 against 23, cell-contents as 23, 

 water as 23, bad conductors of 

 heat as 24. 



Terete leaf, as xeromorphic 

 adaptation 194. 



Terminalia Catappa, in Barring- 

 tonia association 228. 



Terrestrial plants, adaptations 

 96. 



Testudinaria, see Dioscorea. 



Texas, shrub-steppe 280; suc- 

 culent-steppe 279. 



Thallophyte-formations 141. 



Thawing, critical nature 24. 



Theobroma Cacao, drip-tips 32. 



Thismia, mycorhiza 86. 



Thorn-bushland 291. 



Thorn-forest, in East Africa, 

 characters 294. 



Thorns, in relation to animals 

 128 ; in xerophytes, significance 

 128. 



Thorny savannah 293. 



Thymus vulgaris, in Mediter- 

 ranean flora 304. 



Thymus-tomillares 305. 



Thyrsa-grass, see Stipa. 



Tillandsia usneoides 32 ; absorb- 

 ing hairs 88. 



Tjemoro-forest, see Aphyl- 

 lous-forest. 



Tomillares 304 ; flora 305. 



Tracheids, storage-, 126, 221. 



Transcaspian steppes, flora 

 270. 



Transpiration, cuticular, regu- 

 lation 102 ; factors influencing 

 100 ; in land-plants, regulation 

 of, by ablation of rain-water 1 1 6, 

 by anatomical structure 102, by 

 diminution of evaporating sur- 

 face 108, by hairs 114, by in- 

 crustations of salt 103, by 

 investing organs 114, by regu- 

 lation of leaf-position 113, by 

 regulation of illumination 112, 

 by respiratory cavities 106, by 

 stomata 105, by varnished 

 leaves 103, by wax 103 ; opti- 

 mum 195 ; rapid, protection 

 against 24 ; regulation, impor- 

 tance 96, 97, in tropical rain- 

 forest 344 ; snow, a defence 

 against 73 ; stomatal regula- 

 tion 104, 



INDEX 



Travelling geophytes, classes 9. 



Tree-ferns, abundant in sub- 

 tropical rain-forest 339. 



Tree-steppe (Veld), in Rho- 

 desia 298. 



Trees, in Brazilian campos 296, 

 297; in llanos of Venezuela 

 297 ; in relation to savannah 

 and steppe 300 ; small, in 

 African tropical fell-field 259. 



Trientalis europaea 311, 313; 

 in beech-forest 333. 



Triglochin maritimum 231. 



Triticetum 226. 



Triticum jwiceum 226 ; in pro- 

 duction of low dunes 264. 



Triuridaceae, as holosapro- 

 phytes 90. 



Tropical, fell-field, distribution 

 and flora 258, pigmy-trees 260 ; 

 rain-forest 339 ; sea-shore 

 (sandy), vegetation 227. 



Tropophytes 135. 



Tubercles, root-, of Legumi- 

 nosae 80, 87. 



Tuberous plants, in composita- 

 steppe of Cape Colony 279; 

 in maqui of Cape Colony 307 ; 

 in maqui of Ch'ile 308 ; in 

 Mediterranean flora 305 ; on 

 prairies 286. 



Tuft-trees, type of rosette- 

 plant 10. 



Tufted, habit, in dune plants 

 266 ; plants, in subglacial 

 species 253. 



Tumboa Bainesii, see Welwit- 

 chia mirabilis. 



Tundra, lichen- 208 ; moss- 

 205 ; oases 320 ; occurrence 

 205 ; production of peat 207. 



Tundra-vegetation, subgla- 

 cial, remains 359. 



Tunic-grasses 116, 119, 212, 

 267. 



Tupa-pampa 287. 



Turan, vermuth-steppe 278. 



Turf- shrubs, in arctic fell-field 



257. 



Tussock- formation 196; in 

 Falkland Isles 200; in New 

 Zealand 199 ; in Patagonia 

 200 ; in South Georgia 200. 



Tussock-grass 260. 



Twining plants 91. 



Tycholimnetic plankton 160. 



U. 



Ubiquists (Thurmann) 69. 

 Ugogo, thorn-bushland 294. 

 Ulex 211. 

 Umbelliferae, in low-moor 



197. 



Undershrub-formations 141. 

 Undershrubs, in evergreen 



coniferous forest 311. 

 Underwood, in oak-forest 334. 



421 



Usnea, in spruce-forest 313. 



Vaccinium 



'acamum 311; in Knodo- 

 dendron-bushland 2 1 5 ; in peat 

 production 210. 



V. Myrtillus 212; growing in 

 wet and dry soils 194. 



V. Vitis-Idaea an. 



Vallisneria, pollination 183. 



Varnished leaves, in regulation 

 of transpiration 103. 



Vegetation, aphotic 150; dys- 

 photic 150 ; eu photic 150; on 

 ice 163 ; influenced by living 

 vegetable covering on soil 75 ; 

 on snow 163. 



Vegetative, propagation, in 

 subglacial species 252, wide- 

 spread in aquatic plants 183 ; 

 season, arctic-temperate type 

 250, subtropical type 250, tro- 

 pical type 250 ; form, definition 3. 



Velamen, significance 104. 



Veld, see Tree-steppe. 



Velloziaceae, as tropical chas- 

 mophytes 244. 



Velvety leaves, significance 

 117; in tropical rain-forest 346. 



Venezuela, Calotropis procera 

 in 295 ; fell-field 258 ; llanos 

 297 ; savannahs 297. 



Verbena-pampa 287. 



Verbenaceae, in mangrove- 

 vegetation 235. 



Vermuth-steppe, occurrence 

 and flora 278. 



Verrucaria maitra, on shore 

 rocks 224. 



Vesuvius, colonization of lava- 

 fields 352. 



Viola calaminaria 56. 



Viscum album, as hemiparasite 

 85- 



Viviparous grasses,in subglacial 

 fell-fields 252. 



Vivipary, in mangrove-plants 

 236. 



Volcanic eruptions, plant-colo- 

 nization of new soil 351. 



Voyria, a holosaprophyte 90. 



"Waste, herbage, on Alps 289, 

 in Eastern Germany 290, in 

 Hungary 290, in Madeira 290, 

 in Montenegro 289, in Spain 

 290, in Sweden 290, in Western 

 Russia 290; land,formations 289. 



Water, absorption, by land- 

 plants 117 ; air in, significance 

 149 ; depth, influence on dis- 

 tribution of plants 150; evapo- 

 ration from soil, factors influenc- 

 ing 48; as factor determining 

 development of vegetation 35 ; 

 fundamental importance to 



