46 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OF VITICULTURE 



Phylloxera injury was first noticed in France in 1863, in Austria and 

 Hungary in 1868, in Switzerland in 1874, in Australia in 1875, in Spain in 

 1877, in Italy in 1879, in Russia in 1880, and in Turkey in Europe and Asia 

 in 1885. 



Mr. Laliman of Bordeaux, France, was the first to notice and announce 

 in 1869 the resistance to phylloxera of American grape species. Prof. C. V. 

 Riley, then Chief Entomologist of the United States Agricultural Commission 

 confirmed the statements of Laliman in 1870, especially in regard to the 

 Aestivalis species. 



M. Gaston Bazille of Herault, France, is said to have been the first to 

 attempt to utilize their resistance, and in 1869 tried grafting vinifera on 

 American stocks. In 1871 he succeeded in growing American varieties on 

 Vinifera, and in 1872 he, Planchon and Lichtenstein succeeded in grafting 

 Vinifera on American stock. 



In 1873, M. Planchon was sent from France to this country to study 

 American vines. After his return to France the use of several American 

 grape species as stocks for vinifera spread rapidly. The writer recalls heavy 

 shipments of resistant cuttings made to France in 1873 to 1876 by his father, 

 George Husmann, from Hermann, Missouri. 



Prof. Viala, on his mission to this country in 1887, did most valuable 

 work in directing attention to the value of the different species on the 

 different soil types. 



Space and time prevent mentioning the particular services rendered by 

 other investigators actively participating at that time. 



The foregoing explains why the early attempts at grape growing in 

 the eastern states of this country, which were with material of Vinifera 

 varieties the settlers brought with them, resulted in failures. These, unknown 

 to the settlers, were doomed to destruction by phylloxera, and no permanent 

 success was had until attention was given to the improving and growing of 

 our native grapes. 



Therefore, we find America in her native grapes has not only given the 

 world new fruits but, because of their resistance to the phylloxera, has 

 through them saved the viticultural industry of the world. 



Why should we not, therefore, also be able to grow Vinifera varieties 

 on resistant stock in many of the States of this country where they are not 

 grown now? In fact the United States Department of Agriculture has proved 

 this more than ten years ago in experiment vineyards it then had on the 

 Atlantic Coast. 



Phylloxera in Vinifera Regions of the United States. 



The phylloxera, which is not a native of California, was probably intro- 

 duced into that State from east of the Rocky Mountains. In 1880 it was 

 found to exist in Sonoma, Napa, Solano, Yolo, Placer and Eldorado counties. 

 No careful investigations had been made at that time of much of the region 

 farther south in the State. It probably existed in Sonoma County as early 

 as 1873, and possibly occurred in Sonoma Valley and on the Orleans Hills 

 twenty years previous to that. 



Innumerable remedies have been suggested and tried to eradicate 

 phylloxera from vineyards, but it is still conceded that the only way to sue- 



