REPORT OP COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION 83 



the other hand, cannot as a rule 4?e used for the other purposes. They are 

 unsuited for raisins or table use with the exception of a few varieties which 

 in the warmer districts are occasionally dried or shipped in small quantities 

 when the demand is greater than the supply. 



Each of these great classes of viticulture depends partly on the use of 

 varieties with special characteristics, and partly on special climatic condi- 

 tions. 



The great bulk of the raisins is made from the Muscat of Alexandria, the 

 Sultanina (Thompson's Seedless) and the Sultana. The first produces 

 large raisins of the Spanish type, the last two, the seedless raisins known to 

 commerce as "Sultanas." No other known varieties can be substituted for 

 these, though fair raisins are made occasionally from a few large grapes such 

 as Malaga and Feher Szagos. Currants or seedless raisins of the Zante or 

 Greek type are made in small quantities from the Black and White Corinth 

 grapes. 



The business of shipping-grapes deals with a larger number of varieties, 

 though three constitute by far the greater part of the Eastern or distant 

 shipments. These are, in order of importance, Flame Tokay, Malaga and 

 Emperor. A few others, notably Cornichon, Verdal and Black Morocco, are 

 shipped in fairly large quantities. For Pacific Coast markets the raisin 

 Muscat and the Sultanina are used extensively and also, in smaller quantities. 

 Black Prince (Rose of Peru), Black Malvoisie, Black Ferrara, Mission, 

 Luglienga, Golden Chasselas, Pizzutello and Pierce, the last o.ur only variety 

 of Labrusca type, while a score or more of varieties are shipped occasionally, 

 locally and in small quantities. 



For wine, the list of varieties used extensively would be too long to give. 

 Zinfandel is still the chief, but a list of even the important names would 

 contain fifty or more. The total number grown commercially would probably 

 exceed a hundred. 



Among the better varieties which have been planted largely during recent 

 years, the principal is the Petite Sirah; Alicante Bouschet and Palomino have 

 also been extensively planted, but these are little better than the Carignane, 

 Mataro and Burger which they tend to replace. Many small vineyards of 

 fine varieties, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Colombar and Riesling, exist 

 which in the aggregate constitute a considerable area. 



Among the smaller viticultural industries the manufacture of vinegar 

 and of unfermented grape juice should be mentioned. The former is often 

 of excellent quality, but much of it is made from inferior and waste material 

 and is therefore little better than cider or other fruit vinegars. The manu- 

 facture of unfermented grape juice has not on the whole been successful. 

 The reasons for this are that the Concord juice entered the market first and 

 formed the public taste and that methods of manufacture, which are adequate 

 when dealing with the strongly marked Labrusca varieties, are not sufficiently 

 refined for the delicate qualities of Vinifera. 



Climatic Factors. 



The chief climatic factors upon which the successful cultivation of Vini- 

 fera varieties depends are: 1, Sufficient heat during the growing season; 

 2, Dry air during the hotter part of the growing season; 3, Absence of winter 

 cold sufficient to kill the dormant vine; 4, Rarity of frosts during the growing 

 season. 



