96 INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS OP VITICULTURE 



be small and weak underground. Neither method is entirely successful, but 

 for greatest safety to the vine, it is preferable to allow the new growth to 

 come up through a small amount of soil. Part of the covering should be 

 removed when severe weather is past, and when the new growth is well 

 advanced, the remainder of it can be taken off. Arms of plants trained to 

 the horizontal system can be raised out of the covering by the time warm 

 weather ocpurs while plants that are laid down must be uncovered and tied 

 up to the support as soon as danger of frost is past so the new growth will 

 not be disturbed by a change of position. 



Planting. 



The distance of planting varies tremendously. In Western Oregon our 

 plants are from seven to eight feet apart and eight feet apart in the row. 

 In Eastern Oregon we find, with such varieties as Moore's Early and Dela- 

 ware, that eight feet is ample, but most of the other American varieties 

 require about ten feet in the row. The Viniferas are generally planted about 

 ten or twelve feet apart. 



Insects. 



While insects have not become a menace to the grape industry, there 

 are a few which I would call your attention to. 



The grape leaf mite has been reported in one valley of the State, and 

 while it makes the leaves conspicuous it does not seem to cause any 

 serious damage. No opportunity has been given the Experiment Station 

 for experiments with control of this mite, but we believe that lime-sulphur 

 applied in the spring when the buds swell should be effective. 



The branch and twig borer which attacks a variety of fruits also at times 

 attacks this fruit. 



The shot-hole borer has also at times been troublesome. The treatment 

 for these pests here is the same as generally recommended elsewhere. 



Diseases. 



There are a number of diseases which prove troublesome, mildew being 

 the worst. In fact, mildew is so bad in some sections that it will probably 

 never be controlled on certain varieties of the Vinifera grapes. In other 

 sections, however, control is fairly easy with dry sulphur applied intelli- 

 gently. 



Another disease which is very bad at times is the crown gall or black 

 knot of the grape. In some localities it has become so serious as to cause 

 considerable loss to our growers. A discussion of this disease is not neces- 

 sary at this time, as it is very well known and has been splendidly described 

 in much of our literature and bulletins on plant pathology. 



Marketing. 



The Vinifera or California grapes are marketed in four-basket crates, 

 each basket holding approximately five pounds of fruit. This is a very 

 acceptable package on our market and meets with ready sale generally 

 bringing about $1.00 and $1.25 a crate to the grower. However, much inferior 

 fruit sells for less. 



