THE GENERATIVE APPARATUS 385 



such cases the libido is mostly released only through external influences. 

 On the whole it seems to me, although I can not demonstrate this with 

 certainty, that a normally strong sexual instinct is present only when the 

 function of the generative gland is normal, and in this circumstance speaks 

 for the hormonopoietic function of the generative glands. 



The known stimulating action on the central nervous system, which 

 expresses itself in tendency to movement and in a heightened muscular 

 tonus, which comes to expression also in a spiritual sense in higher creative 

 activities, and which characterizes especially the period of " Sturm and 

 Drang," I would refer more to the hormonopoietic activity of the generative 

 glands. What has been done experimentally on this question does not lend 

 itself to the support of this view. On the whole the numerous reports as to 

 the stimulating action of testicular extract and of spermin Poehl have not 

 been written with the necessary critique; the careful investigations oiZoth and 

 Pregl, which showed an increase of the muscular capacity, were made with 

 extracts of whole testicle, so we are unable to say what part the generative 

 glands had in producing the effect. 



While in man the function of the generative glands is a more continuous 

 one, there exist in the most of male animals the same cycle as in the fe- 

 males. As is known, the complete extirpation of the sexual glands prevents 

 a recurrence of rut. Although in some cases the wave of nit remains for 

 some time longer, I would not lay 'much stress on this fact as Halban does. 

 Here also must we consider that the organism had been accustomed to the 

 rut-wave for a long time. As certain cohabitation experiments show, how- 

 ever, it is possible that it is promoted psychically by the rutting female. I 

 believe also here the question permits of discussion as to whether many 

 of the rut phenomena usually grouped with secondary sexual characters, 

 that are necessary for the act of copulation, as for instance, the hypertrophy 

 of the arm musculature and the thumb callosities in frogs, are set free by 

 the generative glands. I have been unable to find any experimental inves- 

 tigations that help to clear up this question. 



i. THE MALFORMATIONS 



It is not my intention to enter into a comprehensive exposition of the 

 malformations accruing to the sexual glands. I shall only choose those 

 types that seem to me important for the discussion of the problems stated 

 above. 



i. Aplasia of the Sexual Glands 



Halban has collected from the literature the reports of cases of con- 

 genital amorphia or aplasia of the ovaries. They all come from the older 

 literature, so that Tandler and others have expressed doubt as to the exact- 

 as 



