THE DISEASES OF THE SEXUAL GLANDS 



the part of zoologists. Delbet saw butterflies that possessed on the one side 

 an ovary, and on the other a testicle, and in which one-half of the body was 

 colored like that of a female, the other side like that of a male. I further 

 cite the known observation of Weber. A finch possessed testicle and male 

 plumage on one side, an ovary and female plumage on the other. 



Let us now survey the rich material of facts, from which I have chosen 

 only a relatively few illustrative examples, but examples that are important, 

 and let us proceed on the basis of these to enter into the discussion of the 

 problems mentioned above. 



Let us turn first to the relation between sexual glands and the secondary 

 sexual characters. I would here sketch again, in outlines, the different 

 views. We have seen that in this respect two views stand bluntly opposed 

 to each other. According to one the sexual characters exist from the be- 

 ginning, there exists a male, a female, and hermaphroditic predisposition, 

 and the sexual glands exercise only a protective stimulus on the development 

 of the sexual characters. According to the other, it is the sexual glands 

 alone that form the sexual characters. The authors that adhere to the 

 last opinion, show that indeed already in the first embryonal stages there 

 are differences to be observed between the male and female sex, but that 

 the sexual glands have begun to develop already at this time and begin to 

 exercise their influence. 



It will be seen at the first glance that multiplicity of the phenomena is 

 not explained in a satisfactory manner by the last-named assumption. How 

 shall we explain the coming about of complete hermaphroditism in which 

 the sexual glands of one sex lead to the development of the sexual characters 

 of the other, if the sexual glands exert a specific sex-determining formative 

 stimulus? Even less explicable according to this hypothesis is the occurrence 

 of unilateral hermaphroditism. In this connection, no matter from which 

 point of view we regard the matter, we cannot circumvent the opinion of 

 Halban. For this opinion speaks also the circumstance that in hermaphrodit- 

 ism the heterosexual characters are enormously developed even at the time 

 of puberty, and the known fact that unioval twins are always of the same 

 sex. Only in the last analysis does this solution meet with great difficulties. 

 According to it we should suppose that the protective influence of the 

 sexual glands would be always active if it met with a heterosexual predispo- 

 sition. According to this we would expect that when the sexual glands are 

 extirpated in a not yet fully developed animal, and the sexual glands of the 

 opposite sex are implanted in this animal, the original predisposition would 

 come to development even then. Steinach has followed this method. He 

 implanted ovaries into previously castrated young males of guinea-pigs and 

 rats. The transplants "took," and not only the interstitial glands de- 

 veloped, but also the primary follicles, to large follicles with normal ova, and 

 there occurred in entirely normal manner the formation of atretic follicles 



