HERMAPHRODITISM 389 



of corpora lutea. In these animals not only did the penis cease develop- 

 ing, but it was even set back in its development. If a tube and a piece 

 of the uterus were transplanted with the ovary, these developed to mature 

 organs. Moreover, there came about an enormous development of the 

 mammary glands, that in form and size were entirely like those of normal 

 female, and indeed even exceeded them in size. Furthermore, the animals 

 remained behind in growth, the body showed entirely the proportioning of 

 the female; also the growth of hairs and the layer of fat showed the texture 

 of that of the females, and there was a reversal of the psychical sexual 

 characters. 



If Steinach's experiments were to receive full corroboration, were someone 

 in converse manner successful in bringing to previously castrated females the 

 male sexual characters by implantation of testicles, we would have to agree 

 that they would stand in contradiction to Halban's view. I believe, however, 

 that we would not be making allowance for the difficulty of the problem, if 

 we were to regard it as entirely solved by this view; for Steinach's experi- 

 ments do not explain the occurrence of heterosexual characters in the pres- 

 ence of the sexual glands of the other sex. The observations belonging to 

 this problem have led Biedl to assume an hermaphroditic mapping-out 

 [Anlage] of the sexual glands. The occurrence of heterogenous sexual 

 characters is explained by Biedl by his supposing that the internal secretory 

 part of the sexual glands that belongs to the opposite sex gains the upper 

 hand. Biedl thus explains the occurrence of certain masculine characters 

 in old women after the menopause. 



On cessation of the activity of the female sexual glands, there can occur, 

 according to Biedl, a reversal of the sexual characters in that the existent 

 male sexual glands continue to functionate. I would here agree with 

 Novak in not considering the illustration that Biedl employs as convinc- 

 ing. The occurrence of the so-called old woman's beard is not a male 

 sexual character. Its occurrence is explained much more adequately by 

 Halban, who points out that the individual sexual characters possess very 

 different tendencies to growth and that the development of the beard in 

 women is very much delayed. In the same manner I do not regard the 

 localization of the deposits of fat in old men as a female sexual character, 

 but rather as the sign of the beginning dissolution of the activities of the 

 sexual glands, only as the suggestion of a symptom that in eunuchoidism is 

 exhibited in early years in a pronounced manner. 



It therefore seems to me that the only possibility is to look for the 

 solution of the problem in another direction; we should not endeavor to 

 crowd all of the manifestations into one of the views set forth, but should 

 consider the question as to whether the genesis of the sexual characters is 

 not determined by a number of factors. We cannot discard the assump- 

 tion of a preexistent tendency for certain sexual characters without doing 



